Childhood and adolescent obesity have reached epidemic levels in the United States. Currently, about 17% of US children are presenting with obesity. Obesity can affect all aspects of the children including their psychological as well as cardiovascular health; also, their overall physical health is affected. The association between obesity and other conditions makes it a public health concern for children and adolescents. Due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity among children, a variety of research studies have been conducted to discover what associations and risk factors increase the probability that a child will present with obesity. While a complete picture of all the risk factors associated with obesity remains elusive, the combination of diet, exercise, physiological factors, and psychological factors is important in the control and prevention of childhood obesity; thus, all researchers agree that prevention is the key strategy for controlling the current problem. Primary prevention methods are aimed at educating the child and family, as well as encouraging appropriate diet and exercise from a young age through adulthood, while secondary prevention is targeted at lessening the effect of childhood obesity to prevent the child from continuing the unhealthy habits and obesity into adulthood. A combination of both primary and secondary prevention is necessary to achieve the best results. This review article highlights the health implications including physiological and psychological factors comorbidities, as well as the epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, and control of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States.

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The use of renewable energy is increasing all over the world. These resources provide clean energy without giving rise to pollution. Current study discussed the feasibility of providing electricity by using hybrid power system (photovoltaic/wind/diesel) to a distant hypothetical village, population of 100 households with an average of five family members per household. The study area, Nooriabad, lies in Sind, Pakistan (latitude ¼ 25.17 N, longitude ¼ 67.8 E and site elevation ¼ 180 m above the mean sea level). Current study showed that the proposed hybrid system could be a viable solution for off-grid supply of electric power to remote areas in Pakistan. In the present case, a daily energy consumption of 205 kWh and a peak power demand of 47 kW were considered. The implementation of this project will result in the reduction of 69% in greenhouse gases addition in the local atmosphere of the chosen site. The photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery hybrid system is found to be an attractive option with levelized cost of energy of 0.45 $/kWh and with renewable energy penetration of 84%. The sensitivity analysis showed that photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery hybrid configuration is the only feasible system under given variations of different parameters.

Increasing power demands and equally growing environmental problems have lead the people to think, develop, and implement new and clean sources of energy to address both the issues. This article presents an optimal system configuration for reliable power generation for unreliable grid‐tied photovoltaic power system for a household in Larkana, Pakistan. The study utilizes HOMER Pro© simulation software along with the required inputs to achieve the set objective. The impact of scheduled and unscheduled power outages, ambient temperature, and PV module tilt angle is considered on the economics of the proposed system. The residential, deferrable, and peak loads are taken as 13.2 kWh/day, 0.52 kWh/day, and 0.6 kW, respectively. Results indicate that the COE of standalone unreliable grid power system with battery storage is 48% more costly compared to unreliable grid/PV system. The proposed system is found to be economically and environmentally more feasible compared to stand alone unreliable grid with battery storage system. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13031, 2019

The judicious compositional and structural design of a branched co-polymeric surfactant allows for the production of highly stable oil in water emulsion droplets with reversible electrostatic aggregation behaviour.