MapReduce has been widely used for large-scale data analysis in the Cloud. The system is well recognized for its elastic scalability and fine-grained fault tolerance although its performance has been noted to be suboptimal in the database context. According to a recent study [19], Hadoop, an open source implementation of MapReduce, is slower than two state-of-the-art parallel database systems in performing a variety of analytical tasks by a factor of 3.1 to 6.5. MapReduce can achieve better performance with the allocation of more compute nodes from the cloud to speed up computation; however, this approach of "renting more nodes" is not cost effective in a pay-as-you-go environment. Users desire an economical elastically scalable data processing system, and therefore, are interested in whether MapReduce can offer both elastic scalability and efficiency. In this paper, we conduct a performance study of MapReduce (Hadoop) on a 100-node cluster of Amazon EC2 with various levels of parallelism. We identify five design factors that affect the performance of Hadoop, and investigate alternative but known methods for each factor. We show that by carefully tuning these factors, the overall performance of Hadoop can be improved by a factor of 2.5 to 3.5 for the same benchmark used in [19], and is thus more comparable to that of parallel database systems. Our results show that it is therefore possible to build a cloud data processing system that is both elastically scalable and efficient.

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MapReduce is a framework for processing and managing large scale data sets in a distributed cluster, which has been used for applications such as generating search indexes, document clustering, access log analysis, and various other forms of data analytics. MapReduce adopts a flexible computation model with a simple interface consisting of map and reduce functions whose implementations can be customized by application developers. Since its introduction, a substantial amount of research efforts have been directed towards making it more usable and efficient for supporting database-centric operations. In this paper we aim to provide a comprehensive review of a wide range of proposals and systems that focusing fundamentally on the support of distributed data management and processing using the MapReduce framework.

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