Deciphering the transcriptomic insight during organogenesis in castor (Ricinus communis L.), jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.
Deciphering the transcriptomic insight during organogenesis in castor (Ricinus communis L.), jatropha 1 (Jatropha curcas L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) 2 3 Abstract 21 Background: Castor is a non-edible oilseed crop with a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses. 22Profitable cultivation of the crop is hindered by various factors and one of the approaches for genetic 23 improvement of the crop belonging to a monotypic genus is to exploit biotechnological tools. The major 24 limitation for successful exploitation of biotechnological tools is the in vitro recalcitrance of castor tissues. 25Response of castor tissues to in vitro culture is poor which necessitated study on understanding the molecular 26 basis of organogenesis in cultured tissues of castor, through de novo transcriptome analysis, by comparing with 27 two other crops (jatropha and sunflower) with good regeneration ability. 29Results: RNA-seq analysis was carried out with hypocotyl explants from castor, jatropha and cotyledons from 30 sunflower cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of hormones. Genes that showed 31 strong differential expression analysis during dedifferentiation and organogenic differentiation stages of callus 32 included components of auxin and cytokinin signaling, secondary metabolite synthesis, genes encoding 33 transcription factors, receptor kinases and protein kinases. In castor, many genes involved in auxin biosynthesis 34 and homeostasis like WAT1 (Wall associated thinness), vacuolar transporter genes, transcription factors like 35 short root like protein were down-regulated while genes like DELLA were upregulated accounting for 36 regeneration recalcitrance. Validation of 62 differentially expressed genes through qRT-PCR showed a consensus 37 of 77.4% with the RNA-Seq analysis. 39Conclusion: This study provides information on the set of genes involved in the process of organogenesis in 40 three oilseed crops which forms a basis for understanding and improving the efficiency of plant regeneration and 41 genetic transformation in castor. 42 43 44 45 46 3 Background 47Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is a tropical plant that belongs to Euphorbiaceae family and grown mainly for its non-48 edible oil. Despite the premier position India holds with 85% of world's total castor production dominating 49 international castor oil trade, profitable cultivation of this crop is hampered by the vulnerability of the released 50 cultivars to several biotic threats at various stages of crop growth and the presence of the toxic protein, ricin in the 51 seeds limiting the use of seed cake as cattle feed. The genetic variability to biotic stresses and seed quality traits is 52 limited in the cultivar germplasm [1, 2]. Conventional breeding techniques have limited scope in improvement of 53 resistance to biotic stresses and oil quality necessitating the exploitation of biotechnological and genetic engineering 54 tools [3, 4, 5]. The main prerequisites for genetic improvement are reliable and reproducible protoc...
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