Purpose Theorists have constructed emotional intelligence differently, based on which the literature reveals different diversified scales to measure emotional intelligence. These scales are quite lengthy to respond and have been criticized for producing varying results. The current paper projects the findings of 3 consecutive studies carried out to summarize and simplify the existing models of emotional intelligence and to produce a brief measure in this regard. Methods Based on the review of the earlier models of emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence was comprehended as an “ability to express and regulate emotions for intrinsic and extrinsic emotional satisfaction”. “Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS)”, comprising 12 items in English, was developed and validated through principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis through a series of 3 consecutive studies which involved 1894 participants from Pakistan. The validity of EIS was tested step by step for its face, content, factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity. The reliability was measured through internal consistency and item-total and item-scale correlations. Results EIS was revealed to be a valid and reliable scale to measure emotional intelligence through 4 core factors, ie, emotional expression, emotional regulation, intrinsic emotional satisfaction, and extrinsic emotional satisfaction. The additional findings revealed significantly higher levels of emotional intelligence among men as compared to women; significantly positive correlation of emotional intelligence with social intelligence, positive emotional effects, age, and education; and a significantly inverse correlation between emotional intelligence and the negative emotional effects. Conclusion The current paper reported the development and validation of a new scale on emotional intelligence by comprehending and summarizing the earlier models of emotional intelligence.
Purpose: This study identifies the types and nature of media discourses of child rape that may be intended to maintain gender ideologies and power relations around normative sexual practices. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research study is conducted from the social constructivist perspective about gender and sex in connection with the dynamics of power relations in the Pakistani social system Data for analysis consisted of all editorials and opinion columns about the Hussain Khan Wala Case in the Urdu newspaper daily Nawa-e-Waqt and English newspaper Dawn. Hussain Khan Wala’s case was a highlight in the media in August 2015. The victims were minor and the incident grabbed the most attention of the press and public. For discourse analysis, newspaper articles (editorials and opinion columns) were selected because these texts present detailed discussion (nature of the problem, causes, effects, solutions, and value judgments) about the phenomenon. Findings: In theoretical terms, Pakistani media dominantly discusses child sexual abuse including rape in the context of political power disparity in rural and urban areas. In Pakistani media, child rape is delinked from adult rape and sexual practices. The blame for child sexual abuse is shifted to political and administrative officialdom. Implications/Originality/Value: The media is structurally and ideologically unsuitable for conservative values and unable to disseminate the values of shame, modesty, piety, and dignity.
BackgroundDespite being recognized as one of the most successful public health measures, vaccination is still considered to be unnecessary and unreliable in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study utilized a two-pronged approach in analyzing vaccine hesitancy and health behaviors after vaccination by employing a mixed-method design. Phase 1 was aimed at identifying predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among the Pakistani population using protection motivation theory (PMT), whereas Phase 2 was aimed at exploring the factors related to the vaccination of COVID-19.MethodA convenient sample of 1,736 individuals from the vaccine-eligible population (12 years and above) was selected to collect data on vaccine hesitancy and acceptance (Phase 1). Phase 2 of the study explored post-vaccination health behaviors, especially adherence to safety measures for COVID-19, through 23 in-depth interviews with the vaccinated population.ResultsMultiple regression analyses showed that response cost is a major predictor of vaccine hesitancy (in Phase 1). In terms of the role of demographic variables, the results showed that being male (for severity: B = −0.481; threat appraisal: B = −0.737), old age (B = −0.044), not vaccinated, and not infected with COVID-19 (themselves and family members) are strongly associated with vaccination hesitancy. Results of thematic analysis in Phase 2 revealed that perceived individual experience and insensitivity toward the severity of the disease are strongly associated with a lack of adherence to safety measures of COVID-19. Faith and religious beliefs and reliance on traditional remedies are also key predictors of people's general non-compliance to health behaviors. One interesting aspect that was revealed in the analysis was the general financially and socially destabilized situation in the context of developing countries that contributed to general apathy in the pandemic situation.ConclusionThe findings of the current study may help in devising a health model for the public from the developing world to deal with future pandemic situations.
The current study sought to explore the provision and implications of the insanity defense in Pakistani laws. This research aims to find the lacunae in the law that aids mentally ill offenders. It also proposes to identify the role of lawyers and forensic psychologists and government institutions in the insanity defense. The study includes understanding and implementing the insanity defense in Pakistani laws and the law system. The study sample involved nine lawyers and four forensic psychologists whose interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were contacted through the snowball sampling technique. The current study concluded that more than one key factor hindered the law system's understanding of insanity defense and mental health. The absence of psychiatric or psychological assessments in the court system suggests a common knowledge of insanity defense and mental health. The case studies overall present the different sides of mental health in Pakistan. The results also inferred that the key factors that had played the role of hindering the development of insanity defense could also enhance the development of insanity defense. The psychosocial factors that influence the hindering of insanity defense are highlighted. The results of the present study indicate a completely different point of view regarding insanity defense for lawyers and forensic psychologists, who can use this knowledge in their professional endeavors.
This research delves into how married couples with two breadwinners divide up their time and energy between the home and the office. Using a method known as "purposive sampling," data were gathered from urban areas and Rawalpindi. About a hundred people filled out the survey. Spouses from couples where both partners contributed financially took part. This research focused solely on married couples who both held full-time jobs and were responsible for raising children. In the present study, information was gathered through a quantitative survey research design. The information was gathered using a structured questionnaire with three parts: a) domestic burden, b) economic burden, and c) work-life balance. Both partners in a dual-earner couple contribute financially, but the data showed that women take on more of the housework responsibilities than men do. According to the findings, the domestic burden placed on a couple rises after the birth of a child. The data also showed that both men and women feel they are successfully juggling their professional and personal responsibilities.
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