Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unclear etiology, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Various drug therapies including aminosalicylates and immunomodulators have been approved for use; they have shown to produce diverse side effects. To overcome these limitations of the current therapeutics for IBD, extensive research is underway to identify drugs that are effective and free of undesirable side effects. Recently, various naturally occurring phytochemicals that cover a wide range of chemical entities such as polyphenols, terpeniods, flavonoids, and alkaloids have received attention as alternative candidates for IBD therapy. These phytochemicals act by modulating the immune response, various transcription factors, or reduce cytokine secretion. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on phytochemicals as therapeutic agents in the management of IBD.
The objective of the study was to investigate the possible benefits of n-butanolic fraction (NBF) of Butea monosperma (Lam.) flowers in doxorubicin (DOX) induced nephrotic syndrome in rats. NBF (100 and 200 mg/kg) was given orally for 28 days starting 2 days after single intravenous administration of DOX (7 mg/kg). Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total protein, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24-h urinary protein concentration evaluated as the markers of nephrotic syndrome. Renal catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflmmatory activities of NBF were determined by DPPH assay and lipoxygenase inhibition method. NBF significantly reduced proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, dyslipidemia and restored renal antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT and GSH. Histopathological studies have supported biochemical findings with no evidence of vacuolization and reduction of glomerular sclerosis in NBF treated rats. The NBF exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of NBF could be ascribed to the presence of butrin and isobutrin as its major constituents. NBF exhibited significant antinephritic activity in DOX induced nephritis model which can be related to, at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
BackgroundRheumatic manifestation such as arthritis, spondylitis are the most common frequent extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affecting 6 to 46% of patients. IBD is an umbrella term with two most prevalent entities namely Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis, defined as idiopathic chronic, relapsing and remitting inflammatory condition of intestinal tract. MMP-9, a matrixin is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix promoting inflammation. Studies on MMP-9 knockout mice illustrated protection from collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis. Furthermore elevated MMP9 levels can be found in the synovial fluid of RA patients as well as IBD patients signifying that targeting MMP9 may have therapeutic importance. Mangiferin, an active component of Mango has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with low side-effects [1,2]; but its usefulness in chronic remission and relapse phases of human IBD i.e. chronic DSS model have not screened till date.ObjectivesWe investigated the therapeutic potential of Mangiferin; in a clinical relevant chronic model of DSS induced colitis in mice.MethodsFemale BALB/c mice (8 to 12 wks) were randomized into four groups. Colitis was induced by cyclical administration of 5% DSS to mice i.e. 3 cycles of DSS with every cycle consisting of 7 days DSS followed by 7 days of autoclaved drinking water (7D DSS + 7D water). Group I (Normal control): free access to autoclaved drinking water. Group II (DSS control): free access to 5% DSS. Group III (DSS + Mangiferin_30mg/kg): free access to 5% DSS + oral Mangiferin at 30mg/kg. Group IV (DSS + Mangiferin_60mg/kg): free access to 5% DSS + oral Mangiferin at 60mg/kg. Mangiferin treatment was initiated following second cycle of DSS (i.e. Day 21); after assuring that colitis relapsed in mice. One fragment of the colon was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for microscopic examination while the remaining tissue was divided into parts and stored at -70°C for assessment of biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-9.ResultsMangiferin treatment ameliorated the clinical parameters (body weight loss, stool consistency, occult blood), reduced microscopic damage (re-established mucosal architecture, abridged neutrophil infiltration), restored epithelial barrier integrity (diminished goblet cell loss), attenuated biochemical markers of oxidative stress (GSH, CAT, SOD, MDA, MPO), crucial inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and attenuates MMP-9 levels implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis and IBD.ConclusionsConsidering the beneficial effects of Mangiferin in arthritis and IBD, we suggest that it would be valuable to use Mangiferin in IBD patients with arthritis as its extra-intestinal manifestation.References Luczkiewicz, P., et al., Mangiferin: A promising therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Med Hypotheses, 2014. 83(5): p. 570–4.Tsubaki, M., et al., ...
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