This review of design and operating conditions of electrochemical CO2 reduction covers electrolytes, electrodes, reactors, temperature, pressure, and pH effects.

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) requires access to ample gaseous CO2 and liquid water to fuel reactions at high current densities for industrial-scale. Substantial improvement of the CO2RR...

Due to the ability to produce sustainably carbon-based chemicals and fuels, CO2 electrolysis and the closely related CO electrolysis are advancing rapidly from fundamental studies toward industrial applications. Many near...

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Rational modulations of interactions between catalyst surface and intermediates are challenging but extremely important to achieve an efficient and selective electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 R). Current CO 2 R catalyst design remains inefficient because of a gap between existing practical design paradigms and theoretical studies in catalysis. This review attempts to mitigate this gap through a critical discussion of the correlations between recent strategies to develop transition metal-based catalysts and the underlying rationales and mechanisms. These strategies include surface engineering, the introduction of heterogeneous atoms, and dimension control, and can be implemented by tactics such as controlling catalysts surface facets, surface tethering, alloying, inducing strains, oxide derivation, molecular scaffolding, and nanostructuring. Just how these tactics are able to tailor the electronic structure, adsorption geometry, density of active sites, and local environment of catalyst to achieve an efficient and selective CO 2 R, is described. This review concludes with a discussion of the key research needs in this field such as the surface proton formation and transfer involved in CO 2 R, the roles of mass-transfer or electrode kinetics in CO 2 R catalysis, development of robust, standardized catalyst testing protocols, and application of machine learning and high-throughput experiment to accelerate catalysts screening processes.