The study included measuring the average concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione for hypertensive patients in Iraq, specifically Basra Governorate, where the study group reached 50 patients (26males and 24 females), and the patients were divided according to age, gender, family history, period of illness, medication, and diet in comparison. With 40 healthy cases (19males and 21 females) as a control group. The results of the study showed a significant increase in lipid peroxide measured by (MDA) in the serum of hypertensive patients at a significant level (P<0.0001) compared with the control group. Also, its level increased significantly at (P<0.0001) with advancing age and according to the sex factor among the study group. And its level increased significantly at the level of significance (P<0.05) with the length of the disease period. The results also did not show significant differences for patients who have a family history, patients who are being treated with antihypertensive drugs, and patients who adhere to a healthy diet. The results also showed a significant decrease in the average concentration of (GSH) as an antioxidant at a level (P<0.0001) in the blood of hypertensive patients compared to the control group. This decline increases with age and in both sexes, males, and females. While the results did not show significant differences in the level of (GSH) in patients who have a family history, length of illness, medication, and adherence to a healthy diet. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between the level of (GSH) and the level of (MDA) in the study group .We conclude through the results of the study that the presence of a defect in patients in the rate of concentration of (GSH) indicates an increase in free radicals, and that an increase in the level of (MDA) indicates an increase in the active types of (ROS), and this increase accompanies a decrease in antioxidants such as (GSH).
Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly as a result of two interrelated problems Cells in the muscles, fat, and liver become insulin resistant, because the cells do not react in a normal way to insulin, they do not absorb enough sugar, and thus the pancreas becomes unable to secrete an adequate amount of insulin to control blood sugar levels. Since antioxidants and trace elements have a role in the treatment of diabetes by defending beta cells against oxidative stress, so the current research was conducted to find out the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (Uric acid, Glutathione, Ceruloplasmin) and some trace elements (Iron, Copper, Zinc) that act as antioxidants in serum of type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects in Basrah Governorate-Iraq by age. The number of patients in the study was (50) patients (26 males-24 females) and healthy subjects (43), including (11 males-32 females). It was found that there was a significant decrease at the level of significance (p<0.001) in the levels of each of (Glutathione, Ceruloplasmin, Iron and Zinc) in patients and healthy subjects and this decrease increased with age, while there was a significant increase at the level of significance (p<0.001) in the levels of (Uric acid and Copper) at patients and healthy subjects with age.
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