Ensuring an informed and effective dementia workforce is of international concern; however, there remains limited understanding of how this can be achieved. This review aimed to identify features of effective dementia educational programs. Critical interpretive synthesis underpinned by Kirkpatrick’s return on investment model was applied. One hundred and fifty-two papers of variable quality were included. Common features of more efficacious educational programs included the need for educational programs to be relevant to participants’ role and experience, involve active face-to-face participation, underpin practice-based learning with theory, be delivered by an experienced facilitator, have a total duration of at least 8 hours with individual sessions of 90 minutes or more, support application of learning in practice, and provide a structured tool or guideline to guide care practice. Further robust research is required to develop the evidence base; however, the findings of this review have relevance for all working in workforce education.

Despite the rapidly ageing population and a predicted sevenfold increase in the prevalence of dementia in minority ethnic communities, people from these communities remain under‐represented in specialist dementia services. Leventhal's Model of Self‐Regulation suggests perceptions of illness facilitate help‐seeking behaviours such as the use of services. This scoping exercise makes use of the model to explore perceptions of dementia in British Indian, African and Caribbean, and East and Central European communities in the United Kingdom. Between August 2013 and April 2014, culturally specific dementia awareness roadshows were attended by people living with dementia, carers and members of the public. During the roadshows, 62 British Indian, 50 African and Caribbean, and 63 East and Central European attenders participated in discussion groups and a dementia knowledge quiz. Thematic and framework analysis were conducted on the discussion group data. Three main themes are presented: Perceptions of dementia, awareness of dementia in the wider family and community, and awareness and use of services. The findings suggest that although groups attributed a biological basis for memory loss, a number of misconceptions prevailed regarding the cause of dementia. Groups also made use of religion, as opposed to medical healthcare services, as a form of personal and treatment control. Seeking help from healthcare services was hindered by lack of awareness of services, and culturally specific barriers such as language. The findings have a number of implications for policy and practice including the development of public health interventions and the need to focus further on reducing barriers to accessing services.

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BackgroundUnderstanding the factors that make it more or less likely that healthcare practitioners (HCPs) will perform certain patient safety behaviors is important in developing effective intervention strategies. A questionnaire to identify determinants of HCP patient safety behaviors does not currently exist. This study reports the development and initial validation of the Influences on Patient Safety Behaviors Questionnaire (IPSBQ) based on the Theoretical Domains Framework.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty-three HCPs from three acute National Health Service Hospital Trusts in the United Kingdom completed the 34-item measure focusing on one specific patient safety behavior (using pH as the first line method for checking the position of a nasogastric tube). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was undertaken to generate the model of best fit.ResultsThe final questionnaire consisted of 11 factors and 23 items, and CFA produced a reasonable fit: χ2 (175) = 345.7, p < 0.001; CMIN/DF = 1.98; GFI = 0.90 and RMSEA = 0.06, as well as adequate levels of discriminant validity, and internal consistency (r = 0.21 to 0.64).ConclusionsA reliable and valid theoretically underpinned measure of determinants of HCP patient safety behavior has been developed. The criterion validity of the measure is still unknown and further work is necessary to confirm the reliability and validity of this measure for other patient safety behaviors.

YesAn influential review in 2010 concluded that non-pharmacological multi-component interventions\ud have positive effects on cognitive functioning, activities of daily living, behaviour and mood of\ud people with dementia. Our aim here is to provide an up-to-date overview of research into\ud psychosocial interventions and their impact on psychosocial outcomes. We focused on\ud randomised controlled trials, controlled studies and reviews published between October 2008\ud and August 2015, since the earlier review. The search of PsychInfo, Medline and the Cochrane\ud database of systematic reviews yielded 61 relevant articles, organised into four themes echoing\ud key phases of the care pathway: Living at home with dementia (five reviews, eight studies), carer\ud interventions (three reviews, four studies), interventions in residential care (16 reviews, 12\ud studies) and end-of-life care (three reviews, two studies), along with an additional group\ud spanning community and institutional settings (six reviews, two studies). Community findings\ud suggested that appointment of dementia specialists and attention to case management can\ud produce positive outcomes; physical therapies, cognitive training and modified cognitive\ud behaviour therapy also had a range of benefits. There was more limited evidence of positive\ud benefits for people with dementia through interventions with family carers. Thirty-two articles\ud focused on the management of ‘behavioural symptoms’ through a range of interventions all of\ud which had some evidence of benefit. Also a range of multi-component and specific interventions\ud had benefits for cognitive, emotional and behavioural well-being of people with dementia in\ud residential settings, as well as for quality of life. Overall, interventions tended to be short term\ud with impact only measured in the short term. We recommend further research on interventions\ud to promote living well in the community post-diagnosis and to address end-of-life care.\ud Development of psychosocial interventions would benefit from moving beyond the focus on\ud control of behaviours to focus on wider aspects of life for people with dementia

Among the variables measured, patients' adherence to antihypertensive medicines is influenced primarily by their self-efficacy, illness beliefs, and perceived barriers. These should be targets for interventions for improving adherence, as should an appreciation of differences among the countries in which they are being delivered.

Patient and public involvement is imperative to ensure relevance of research. There is a growing literature on the theoretical underpinning on patient and public involvement including level and processes of involvement. The aim of this paper is to describe a person-centred and culturally sensitive approach to working with minority ethnic communities, involving carers, people living with dementia, members of the public and carer support workers, as used in the Caregiving HOPE study; and the influence of the approach on the study’s research processes and outcomes. Patient and public involvement members were considered experts by experience and involved with study conception, design, conduct and dissemination. The perspective of the experts by experience is also presented in this article. The level and nature of involvement was influenced by each individual’s needs and desires which changed over the course of the study. The approach had a significant impact on study outcomes as evidenced by successful recruitment and engagement at a national level, but was not without challenges with greater flexibility required and fuller consideration of financial and time costs required. Benefits of the approach included strong engagement, improved outcomes (successful recruitment of seldom heard groups) and meaningful relationships between researchers and experts by experience. A person-centred and culturally sensitive approach is required with patient and public involvement to ensure involvement is not detrimental to those involved, is meaningful and enjoyable and has a positive impact on the research.

The present study aimed to establish an in-depth qualitative analysis of the convergence and divergence of the experiences of caregivers from four ethnic groups. Eight Bangladeshi, nine Indian, four Pakistani and nine White-British caregivers participated in five focus groups. Differences and similarities between motivations for role adoption, willingness to care, experience of role, adaptation to role, coping, use of and satisfaction with support were discussed. Key differences were found in adaptation to care role and use of social support. The article highlights the need for further study of the ethnic minority caregiver experience and has implications for service development.