The use of colchicine to induce polyploids increases secondary metabolite production potential and has been used for many years for the production of valuable compounds in plants. This project took advantage of this method to increase the production of secondary metabolites in licorice. For this purpose, seeds of licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera, were treated with different concentrations of colchicine for 24 hours and then cultivated in vitro. After a month, the effect of colchicine on the cellular DNA level of cotyledons was analyzed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. For callus induction, root explants of one month old plantlets derived from colchicine treated seeds were transferred to MS medium containing growth regulators and the anthocyanin and glycyrrhizic acid levels of the callus tissues were measured after two months of growth. The total DNA content of plantlets derived from seeds treated with 0.05%, 0.08% and 0.1% of colchicine for 24 hours was increased significantly. Treated plants had increased numbers of larger stomata, significantly in those treated with 0.1% of colchicine for 24 hours. After colchicine treatment, the root, shoot and leaf thickness was found to be increased, while their length was decreased. Results of flow cytometry showed changes in ploidy level in plantlets obtained from treatment with 0.08% (mixoploids) and 0.1% (tetraploids) of colchicine. Anthocyanin level was significantly increased in callus obtained from plantlets treated with 0.08% of colchicine. The amount of glycyrrhizic acid in all treatments increased, especially in the 0.1 and 0.03% colchicine treatments and this seems to prove an increased production of metabolites in polyploid licorice tissues.
In this study, the ability of safflower-isolated root cultures to produce yellow pigments was tested. Initially, the growth of isolated roots in static liquid medium was evaluated with different volumes of culture medium. A volume of 6 ml of medium per flask of 250 ml gave the best growth performance and, in this condition of culture, production of pigments from isolated roots treated or not by light has been determined by spectrophotometry (321 and 400 nm). Under these conditions, the production of yellow pigments amounted to 13.18 mg g -1 fresh weight and the light stimulated the synthesis of these pigments by isolated roots. Total yellow pigments of 24.12, 38.91 and 46.38 mg g -1 fresh weight was produced by the roots treated with 9, 13.5 and 18% (v/v) gas oil, respectively, representing high values of production. The pigments were released in large quantities in the medium. The increased synthesis of pigments as a result of gas oil treatment was accompanied by a reduction of the peroxidase activity of roots. Given the high production of yellow pigments, systems of isolated root culture could be considered for the study of a larger scale production of safflower pigments widely used for various industrial purposes.
Milk is full of nutrients, making it an ideal environment for several infectious diseases, that come at the forefront is brucellosis. The zoonotic disease brucellosis in humans is mostly ignored, and the annual number of human cases is commonly reported as 500,000. Consumption of tainted dairy products is the most common vector for the transmission of human Brucellosis. Confirmation of disease via culture is considered the gold standard, but is not always possible. Serological tests and molecular tests are alternative methods. The milk Ring Test is considered the method of choice for the surveillance of dairy herds. The control of risk factors and surveillance are the cornerstones of brucellosis prevention. Eliminating animal infections is the most effective preventative technique. Cattle, goats, and sheep vaccination are advised in enzootic regions with high prevalence rates. The main methods of preventing human infection are public education, food safety measures, occupational hygiene, and laboratory safety. The pasteurization of milk before it is consumed directly or used to make products like cheese is a crucial step in avoiding transmission from animals to people. Both education initiatives and laws prohibiting the sale of unpasteurized milk products can be successful.
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