Problem statement: Source Specific Multicast (SSM) is an acceptable solution for current multicast applications; since the driving applications to date are one to many, including Internet TV, distance learning, file distribution and streaming media. Approach: It was useful for billing, address allocation and security. SSM still had serious state scalability problem when there were a large number of simultaneous on-going multicast groups in the network. Results: In this study, a scheme had been devised to improve the state scalability of source specific multicast. The scheme consisted of two stages: Conclusion/Recommendations: The first stage was to cluster the receivers based on their IP addresses and the second stage was to reduce the multicast state at routers. In order to prove the correctness of the proposed scheme, it had been applied to multicast trees built by other researchers. The results of the comparison approved our statement
IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay (MR) is an optional deployment introduced to enhance the coverage and performance of WiMAX network without the need for deploying costly Base Stations (BSs). Multihop Relay network comprises of Multihop Relay BS (MRBS) and Relay Stations (RSs). This paper proposes mesh topology for IEEE 802.16j using adaptive RS group scheduling. The proposed scheduling algorithm introduces new signalling to support functions such as soft and hard horizontal-RS neighbour scanning, bandwidth request, forwarding of PDUs and connection management. The proposed model is evaluated using NS-2 network simulation. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheduling achieves higher throughput performance compared to IEEE 802.16j tree-topology.
Three options are popular today for design of wireless networks-Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint and Mesh topologies. Worldwide interoperability of microwave access (WiMAX) is most often associated with the point-to-multipoint (PMP) topology. For some requirements, the configuration of the base stations (BSs) is aimed to be as mesh. Mesh offers a combination of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint capability by having each of the base station able to communicate with other base stations. This averts the base station element in the standard, besides the process flow across relevant interfaces. The paper proposes a Distributed Data Path Function (DDPF) that allows peers/network elements to exchange data traffic between meshed base stations where WiMAX doesn't allow this. The proposed solution is layer-3 and includes the design of a routing table for a mesh configuration of cell-site (radio base station) routers with a base station controller. Some changes are needed which will be explored throughout the paper promoted with figures to illustrate the idea.
Background: Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) are a new architectural approach to smart centralized control networks that were introduced alongside Open Flow in 2011. SDNs are programmed using software applications that help operators manage the network in a fully consistent and comprehensive way. Centralization in these networks is considered a weakness, especially if it is accessed by a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack - which is the process of uploading huge floods of various sorts of traffic to a website, from multiple sources, in order to make it and its services inaccessible to users. Method: In our current research, we will build an SDN through a Mininet virtualization simulator, and by using Python. A DDoS attack will be detected depending on two facts: firstly, Traffic State - which normally sees traffic packets sent at around 30 packets per second (DDoS packets are about 250 packets per second and will completely disrupt the network if the attack persists). Secondly, the number of IP Hits. The method used in the research appears very effective in detecting DDoS, according to the results we have achieved. Result: The proposed performance of the system: The Precision (PREC), Recall (REC), and F-Measure (F1) metrics have been used for assessment. Conclusion: The novelty of the current research lies in the detection of penetration in SDN networks, by calculating the number of hits by the hacker's device and the number of times they enter the main device in the network, in addition to the large amount of data sent by the hacker's device to the network. The experimental results are promising as compared with the datasets like CIC-DoS, CICIDS2017, CSE-CIC-IDS2018, and customized dataset. The results ranged between 90% and 96%.
A new multicast group join/leave mechanism for mobile nodes (MNs) is proposed. The mechanism is based on hash algorithm. This paper explains the construction of a dynamic delivery tree of the mobile node movement for a multicast-based mobile IPv6 network, such that the branches of the tree constitute the shortest paths from the packet source to each of the visited locations. The branches of the tree grow and shrink to reach the mobile node when necessary. The mobile node is assigned a multicast address and the correspondent nodes (CNs) send packets to the multicast group. As the mobile node moves to a new location, it joins the multicast group through the new location and prunes through the old location. The performance of the proposed mechanism was evaluated through a
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