The production of clean liquid fuels is critical to maintaining a healthy life and environment around the world. To meet the new sulfur standard requirements, sulfur compounds must be effectively and completely removed from fuel oil. Therefore, researchers' attention turned to research into different techniques to remove sulfur from kerosene. This review focused on discussing a variety of catalysis approaches and emerging technologies for ultra-deep desulfurization of refinery streams for ultralow sulfur, such as hydrodesulfurization, catalytic-oxidative desulfurization, and adsorption desulfurization to form clean liquid fuels. This review discusses the most important industrial parameters that influence sulfur removal processes and has focused primarily on the main role of the catalyst and its type in impacting the efficiency of the process. Also, it will discuss the concepts of nano-catalysts, their preparation methods, and the most common forms, were described such as graphene, carbon nano-tubes (CNTs), metal-organic frames (MOVs), and zeolites. A comparison between the nano-catalyst and the conventional catalyst was also discussed to show the great effect of the nano-catalyst in improving the removal processes, which will lead to the development of innovative, efficient desulfurization methods that produce zero-sulfur fuels. In addition, understanding the most important challenges in nano-catalysts.
This study aims to obtain a jet fuel with a sulfur content of less than 15 ppm commensurate with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements by the sulfur removal of model jet fuels with ultrasound-assisted adsorption for batch systems. A model jet fuel was desulfurized using a modified adsorbent in the present work. The wet impregnation process of Zinc synthesized the adsorbent over activated alumina assisted with ultrasonication in different loading weight percentages of 8.6, 12.2, 18.8, and 22.2wt. %. Experimental results revealed that the best adsorbent performance ratio for Zinc was 18.8wt. %. SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and BET have been used to characterize the prepared adsorbents and evaluate the adsorption process activity. Response surface methodology (RSM), combined with the central composite design (CCD), was used for statistical modeling targeted directly at optimizing the removal process. The critical parameters of initial sulfur concentration, the adsorbent dose, stirring time, and sonication time were investigated for their effect on the process efficiency. The results showed that maximum removal of 68.8 % was obtained at 40 mg/L initial sulfur concentration, 12.3 g/L adsorbent dose, 117 minutes stirring time, and 39 minutes sonication time. The equilibrium data of sulfur adsorption onto ZnO/Al2O3 were studied using the linear form of the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin models. Langmuir gives a better fit with a correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9985. The resulting kinetic statistics indicated that a pseudoـfirstـorder model for adsorbent represents the adsorption kinetics more accurately with a correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9602. Finally, the estimated thermodynamic parameters reveal that the adsorption is endothermic. In addition, the ΔG value, which was inversely proportional with increasing temperature, denotes spontaneity and process feasibility.
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