The synthesis of titanium(IV), zirconium(IV) and hafnium(IV) complexes of Trost's semi-crown ligand is described. All complexes were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The molecular structures of the representative complexes 2, 3 and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that complexes 2, 3 and 4 crystallized in an orthorhombic crystal system. Complexes 2 and 3 have a monomeric structure in the solid state with distorted octahedral geometry around the metal center, whereas complex 4 was found to crystallize in a trimeric structure bridging with an oxygen atom, where the geometry around the titanium is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The activities and stereoselectivities of these complexes toward the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides (L-LA and rac-LA) and ε-caprolactone (CL) have been investigated. Complexes 1–4 were found to be efficient single-component initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and yielded high molecular weight polymers (Mn) with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD).The microstructure of the resultant polylactides (PLAs) from rac-LA was determined. Complexes 2 and 3 afforded isotactic-enriched PLA (Pm = 0.78–0.71) with narrow MWD (1.07–1.04), on the other hand complexes 1 and 4 produced atactic PLA. Kinetic and post polymerization studies confirm that the polymerization proceeds through the coordination–insertion mechanism.
A series of Ti(iv), Zr(iv) and Hf(iv) complexes containing imine based bis-bidentate ligands were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The ligands m-xysal-((t)Bu)4 (L(1)((t)Bu)4), m-xysal-(Me)2((t)Bu)2 (L(2)Me2((t)Bu)2) and m-xysal-(Cl)4 (L(3)Cl4) were reacted with Ti(O(i)Pr)4, Zr(O(i)Pr)4·(i)PrOH and Hf(O(t)Bu)4 in a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio to form complexes (L2M2(OR)4, where L = m-xysal-((t)Bu)4, m-xysal-(Me)2((t)Bu)2 and m-xysal-(Cl)4, M = Ti and R = (i)Pr, (L2M2(OR)4, where L = m-xysal-((t)Bu)4, m-xysal-(Me)2((t)Bu)2 and m-xysal-(Cl)4, M = Zr and R = (i)Pr and (L3M3(OR)6, where L = m-xysal-((t)Bu)4, m-xysal-(Me)2((t)Bu)2 and m-xysal-(Cl)4, M = Hf and R = (t)Bu respectively. Complex was crystallized from a 1 : 1 : 1 mixture of chloroform, ethanol and toluene to yield an ethoxy substituted complex (L2M2(OR)4, L = m-xysal-(Me)2((t)Bu)2, M = Zr and R = Et. The X-ray structures of , and illustrate that and are binuclear helical complexes, whereas is trinuclear. These complexes were found to be active for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides (rac-LA, l-LA) and epoxides. All the complexes produced atactic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with good number average molecular weight (Mn) and narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs). The magnetic isotropic shielding constants were calculated using the GIAO/B3LYP/LANL2DZ approach and correlated with the experimental values. The HOMO-LUMO energy band gaps and Mulliken charges were calculated using the DFT method to explain the reactivity of these complexes according to the relationship between chemical hardness and reactivity established by Pearson. In addition, complexes , activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO), were used and found to be moderately active for ethylene polymerization.
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