There has been tremendous growth in Global System for Mobile (GSM) .
Transmission error propagation in wireless multimedia communication systems has become a recurring problem. This persistent problem has led to grave consequences on the visual quality of the decoded video. It is against this backdrop that, we present an adaptive intra refresh (AIR) error-resilient coding tool to mitigate the effect of transmission error propagation in 3D video communications. This work utilizes periodic insertion of intra macroblocks in badly error-infected frames temporally as well as related frames in the multi view video scheme. Our objective is to maximize the transmission efficiency while ensuring the transmission robustness of the coded bitstream. The selection of periodic macroblocks is based on areas with high motion above a pre-set threshold. The coding modes of the macroblocks are based on the distortion expectation due to transmission errors. Extensive simulation results show significant improvement in both objective and subjective video quality at different intra refresh rates.
This chapter aims to provide fresh insights into entrepreneurship innovation to the retirees of the Nigerian military from the perspective of an ex-serviceman (a retired military person). The chapter's methodology focused on the articulation of experiences and meanings, which is guided by the events in the author's life, recounting life circumstances and events located in a specific time and space. Consequently, the chapter examines the entrepreneurial opportunities for retired Nigerian military personnel vis-a-vis the challenges faced by veterans when engaging in entrepreneurship. The chapter also discusses the entrepreneurship issues to be considered before becoming an entrepreneur. The chapter further postulates on information and communication technology (ICT) skills as key requirements for those who want to become an entrepreneur in post-service life. Finally, it is suggested that prior knowledge on innovative entrepreneurship before the start of a business results in successful sustained retirement income.
3D video wireless communication is being repeatedly called upon to play a greater role in the quest for economic and political stability, peace and understanding in the world. However, excessive error propagation in compressed 3D video can dramatically decrease perceived quality of experience (QoE). Recent error control strategies suggested that using adaptive intra refresh (AIR) tool is a good candidate for fulfilling quality of service (QoS) requirements for 3D video transmission over wireless networks. We propose multi-view video AIR (MVV-AIR) based on H.264/advance video coding (AVC) to mitigate transmission error propagation in a two-way communication system. With the MVV-AIR, both high active macroblocks and channel bit error rate (BER)are computed to generate MVV-AIR refresh map. The generated map is used to periodically insert a cyclic intra-refresh line macroblock to suppress spatiotemporal error propagation. Experimental results show that MVV-AIR outperforms traditional refresh scheme in error prone transmission environment with improved objective and subjective visual quality.
Transmission error propagation in wireless multimedia communication systems has become a recurring problem. This persistent problem has led to grave consequences on the visual quality of the decoded video. It is against this backdrop that, we present an adaptive intra refresh (AIR) error-resilient coding tool to mitigate the effect of transmission error propagation in 3D video communications. This work utilizes periodic insertion of intra macroblocks in badly error-infected frames temporally as well as related frames in the multi view video scheme. Our objective is to maximize the transmission efficiency while ensuring the transmission robustness of the coded bitstream. The selection of periodic macroblocks is based on areas with high motion above a pre-set threshold. The coding modes of the macroblocks are based on the distortion expectation due to transmission errors. Extensive simulation results show significant improvement in both objective and subjective video quality at different intra refresh rates.
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