Rotor shafts subjected to severe operating stresses are prone to develop transverse fatigue cracks at the localized stress raisers. Therefore, the ability to identify and locate the incipient fatigue crack is imperative in order to avoid catastrophic failure. The literature on rotor crack detection discussed the importance of monitoring the steady-state 1X, 2X and 3X harmonic response components of rotors. However, the other rotor faults such as misalignment and unbalance, exhibit similar symptoms. Thus, the main aim is to develop new independent fault-related features which measure the driving principle governing the behaviour of various rotor faults. In this article, the application of principal component analysis–based statistical pattern analysis, as a tool for early detection and localization of fatigue-induced transverse crack in a rotor shaft is investigated. To perform this study, accelerated fatigue experiments are conducted on a customized setup. This developed test rig is novel and unique by itself that facilitates generating a fatigue crack in a shaft, under conditions that mimic a real in-service loading environment of industrial rotors. Unlike conventional methods, noise in the acquired vibration and strain data is denoised via classical principal component analysis method. Time- and frequency-domain statistical features extracted from different vibration and strain sensor signals are used for this study. Damage indices such as Hotelling’s T2-statistic and Q-index are used to detect the presence of the crack. It is observed that irrespective of the sensor location, damage index such as Q-statistic of all the sensors is very effective to detect the presence and time of incipient crack. Partial decomposition contributions method is found to be very effective in identifying the location of the crack. This article provides the most significant vibration-based statistical features, which are sensitive to shaft transverse cracks, for different sensor types and their mounting location. Finally, a new fused health indicator which is highly sensitive to the presence of rotor shaft crack is defined and is found successful when applied to a new experimental data.
Rotating machinery components like shafts subjected to continuous fluctuating loads are prone to fatigue cracks. Fatigue cracks are severe threat to the integrity of rotating machinery. Therefore it is indispensable for early diagnostics of fatigue cracks in shaft to avoid catastrophic failures. From the literature, it is evident that the spectral kurtosis (SK) and fast kurtogram were used to detect the faults in bearings and gears. The present study illustrates the use of SK and fast kurtogram for early fatigue crack detection in the shaft using vibration data. To perform this study, experiments are conducted on a rotor test rig which is designed and developed according to the function specification proposed by ASTM E468-11 standard. Fatigue crack is developed, on three shaft specimens, each seeded with the same circumferential V-Notch configuration, by continuous application of stochastic loads on the shaft using electrodynamic shaker in addition to the unbalance forces that arise in normal operating conditions. Vibration data is acquired from various locations of the rotor, using different sensors like miniature accelerometers, laser vibrometer and wireless telemetry strain gauge, till the shaft specimen develops fatigue crack. The analysis results show that the combination of SK and fast kurtogram is an effective signal processing technique for detecting the fatigue crack in the shaft.
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