EditorialToxicology is the study of poison. Sources of poisons include animals, microorganisms, plants and chemicals. Although, Paracelsus who was a lecturer at the University of Basel, Switzerland in 1520s had hypothesized that the ability of an agent to cause poisoning is dependent on the dose of that agent. It was on this basis the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) was introduced in 1920. LD 50 is the dose which has proven to cause death to 50% of the test group of animals [1]. It is an initial assessment of toxic manifestations and is one of the initial screening experiments usually performed with carcinogenic, anticarcinogenic, venomous, anti-venomous, toxicogenic, anti-toxicogenic, immunogenic and anti-immunogenic compounds. An antidote is any is any substance that counteracts a poison by, However, for Reed and Muench method, the sum of cumulative dead and cumulative survived of each dose is taken. The percent survival to two doses adjacent to LD 50 is calculated and the LD 50 determined [10]. In another report, LD 50 is calculated using the data on percent mortality instead of percent survival [11]. Having noted the marked difference between the estimated LD 50 from percent survival and percent mortality using Reed and Muench method, Saganuwan [1] modified and validated the method using the average of median lethal dose (LD 50 ) and median survival dose (MSD 50 ) which gave a relatively ideal LD 50 . The method was also validated by other authors with precision and accuracy. Kue et al. [12] used quick chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an alternative predictive model in acute toxicological studies for cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, vincristine, carmustin, campothecin, aloin, mitomycin-C, actinomycin-D, melphalan and paclitaxel. The authors used the method of Reed and Muench modified by Saganuwan [1], and determined LD 50 of all the anticancer agents and there was significant correlation between the ideal LD 50 for the CAM and LD 50 for mice. Signifying the versatility of the revised Reed and Muench method using CAM model as a replacement for toxicological studies in rodents.World Health Organization (WHO) [13] has patented sodium silicate complex (SSC) which comprises trimeric sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) 3 and sodium silicate pentahydrate (Na 2 SiO 3 )5H 2 O. SSC has antivenomous activity against Crotalus atrox, Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma venoms using two enzymatic assays, gelatinase and hide powder azure assays at pH of 14.
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