Legumain (LGMN) has been demonstrated to be overexpressed not just in breast, prostatic, and liver tumor cells, but also in the macrophages that compose the tumor microenvironment. This supports the idea that LGMN is a pivotal protein in regulating tumor development, invasion, and dissemination. Targeting LGMN with siRNA or chemotherapeutic medicines and peptides can suppress cancer cell proliferation in culture and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, legumain can be used as a marker for cancer detection and targeting due to its expression being significantly lower in normal cells compared to tumors or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Tumor formation is influenced by aberrant expression of proteins and alterations in cellular architecture, but the tumor microenvironment is a crucial deciding factor. Legumain (LGMN) is an in vivo-active cysteine protease that catalyzes the degradation of numerous proteins. Its precise biological mechanism encompasses a number of routes, including effects on tumor-associated macrophage and neovascular endothelium in the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this work is to establish a rationale for thoroughly investigating the function of LGMN in the tumor microenvironment and discovering novel tumor early diagnosis markers and therapeutic targets by reviewing the function of LGMN in tumor genesis and progression and its relationship with tumor milieu.
The significant rise in the number of diabetic patients worldwide, as well as the development of new insulin delivery techniques such as inhalation or oral administration which require higher dosages, are expected to increase the demand for recombinant insulin. Current manufacturing technologies will be unable to fulfill the rising demand for inexpensive insulin due to their production capacity limitations and high production costs. Production of therapeutic recombinant insulin requires a suitable host organism with adequate post-translational modification and refolding machinery. E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been used extensively to make recombinant human insulin for medicinal applications. However, transgenic plants are particularly appealing expression systems as they can be used to synthesize huge amounts of insulin for human medicinal purposes. Plant-based expression systems have the potential for high-capacity insulin synthesis at a minimal cost. The significant production of biologically active proinsulin in seeds or leaves with long-term stability provides a low-cost technique to develop proinsulin for both injectable and oral administration. Recently, stem cell therapy is being utilized for the treatment of diabetes, as these cells are capable of differentiating into insulin producing c ells. With the advancement of regenerative medicine research for different chronic diseases, treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus has been reported. The current review concentrates on several biotechnological attributes applied to the rapid and mass synthesis of biologically active insulin and its analogs in microbes, various types of stem cells and transgenic crops.
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