Our meta-analysis showed that seizures occurred in about 6.93% of people with stroke. Seizures occurred more commonly after hemorrhagic stroke and when stroke occurred in the cortical region.
BackgroundIn China, there are 2.5 million new stroke cases each year and 7.5 million stroke survivors. However, stroke incidence in some island populations is obviously lower compared with inland regions, perhaps due to differences in diet and lifestyle. As the lifestyle in China has changed significantly, along with dramatic transformations in social, economic and environmental conditions, such changes have also been seen in island regions. Thus, we analyzed stroke in the Chinese island regions over the past 30 years.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to identify reliable and comparable epidemiologic evidence about stroke in the Chinese island regions between 1980 and 2013. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility and the quality of the articles and disagreement was resolved by discussion. Owing to the great heterogeneity among individual study estimates, a random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to incorporate the heterogeneity among records into a pooled estimate for age-standardized rates. Age-standardized rates were calculated by the direct method with the 2000 world population if included records provided the necessary information.ResultsDuring the past three decades, the overall pooled age-standardized prevalence of stroke is 6.17 per 1000 (95% CI 4.56–7.78), an increase from 5.54 per 1000 (95% CI 3.88–7.20) prior to 2000 to 8.34 per 1000 (95% CI 5.98–10.69) after 2000. However, this difference was not found to be statistically significant. The overall pooled age-standardized incidence of stroke is 120.42 per 100,000 person years (95% CI 26.17–214.67). Between 1982 and 2008, the incidence of stroke increased and mortality declined over time.ConclusionsEffective intervention and specific policy recommendations on stroke prevention should be required, and formulated in a timely fashion to effectively curb the increased trend of stroke in Chinese island regions.
The therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells (NSCs)-derived from bone marrow (BM) has been recently described in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis; however, the beneficial effects are modest due to their marginal anti-inflammatory capacity. To overcome this weakness and endow BM-NSC therapy with profound anti-inflammatory capacity, in this study we pretreated EAE mice with osthole, a natural coumarin with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and neuroprotection, before NSC-application and continued throughout the study. We found that osthole conferred a potent anti-inflammatory capacity to this BM-NSC therapy, thus more profoundly suppressing ongoing EA and exhibiting significant advantages over conventional NSC-therapy as follows: 1) Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, thus improving survival environment for engrafted BM-NSCs and protecting myelin sheaths from further demyelination; 2)Drove transplanted (exogenous) BM-NSCs to differentiate into more oligodendrocytes and neurons but inhibited differentiation into astrocytes, thus promoting remyelination and axonal growth, and reducing astrogliosis; and 3) augmented CNS neurotrophic support thus promoted resident (endogenous) repair of myelin/axonal damage. These effects make the BM-NSCs-based therapy a more promising approach to enhance remyelination and neuronal repopulation, thus more effectively promoting anatomic and functional recovery from neurological deficits.
Mechanical trauma injury is a severe insult to neural cells. Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of inflammatory factors that have dramatic consequences for undamaged cells, leading to normal cell death after the initial injury. The present study investigated the capacity for arctigenin (ARC) to prevent secondary effects and evaluated the mechanism underlying the action of microRNA (miRNA)-199a and miRNA-16 in a mechanical trauma injury (MTI) model using SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. SH-SY5Y cells are often applied to in vitro models of neuronal function and differentiation. Recently, miRNAs have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in NF-κB and cholinergic signaling, which can regulate inflammation. The cell model was established by scratch-induced injury of human SH-SY5Y cells, which mimics the characteristics of MTI. A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and immunocytochemistry were used to measure cell viability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the inflammatory cytokine and cholinesterase (CHE) content. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content was measured to assess the degree of cell injury. The mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR to analyze ARC's mechanism of action. miRNA inhibitors and mimics were used to inhibit and strengthen the expression of miRNAs. Protein expression was detected by western blotting analysis. ARC treatment reduced the TNF-α and IL-6 levels as well as the number of TUNEL+ apoptotic SH-SY5Y cells surrounding the scratch and increased the IL-10 level compared to the controls. ARC attenuated the increase of the cell damage degree and LDH content induced by scratching, indicating increased cell survival. Mechanistic studies showed that ARC upregulated the miRNA-16 and miRNA-199a levels to reduce upstream protein (IKKα and IKKβ) expression and inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway activity; moreover, the increased miRNA-199a suppresses cholinesterases to increase cholinergic signaling, resulting in decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. ARC treatment confers protection for SH-SY5Y cells through positive regulation of miRNA expression, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. In turn, these effects accelerate injury repair in the scratch-induced injury model. These results might provide insights into the pharmacological role of ARC in anti-inflammation and neuroprotection in neural cells.
Our findings highlight the urgent need for public health strategies with more emphasis on improvement of primary health care in the island and coastal areas of China.
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