Course planning is one of the important problems in the education systems of universities. The processes cannot continue efficiently without planning, and various interruptions can appear in the system. This way decisions concerning which courses, when, how, and for what purposes should be answered by considering the available resources and stakeholders' preferences. Besides, universities aiming to be in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) have to adapt their systems to the Bologna process in order to create a lifelong student-centered, learning-oriented area based on quality assurance. In this study, an integrated approach based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and multichoice goal programming (MCGP) model was proposed to construct an efficient course plan following the Bologna process. The proposed approach was applied in an industrial engineering department.
As the most important kind of energy needed in the world, electrical energy is one of the major means of contemporary civilization which has contributed to the economic, social, and cultural development of communities. Effective use of resources, environmentally friendly production, keeping up-to-date with technology, and demand are significant factors in electricity generation. In this respect, considering the influence of the existence and feasibility of fossil resources, new, and renewable resources on nations' energy policies, the aim of this study is to evaluate efficiency developments of the 13 largest electricity generation firms in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. In the study, the analytic hierarchy process and the data envelopment analysisMalmquist productivity index approaches were integrated to assess qualitative and quantitative factors together. The efficient/inefficient firms in 2008 and 2009 were determined, and a development of 7.7% in 2009 due to technological change was found.
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