Proses flue gas desulohurization (FGD) dengan wet scrubber adalah suatu proses untuk menurunkan konsentrasi SOx gas buang hasil pembakaran. Proses inidapat mengatasi polusi udara dengan cara menurunkan emisi gas dan partikel debu sehingga menghasilkan gas buangan yang lebih bersih. Air limbah wet scrubber bersifat asam. Salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan air limbah wet scrubber adalah untuk budidaya mikroalga. Spirulina platensis merupakan mikroalga yang berwarna hijau kebiruan yang mempunyai nilai gizi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi air limbah wet scrubber sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi air limbah yang optimum bagi pertumbuhan S. platensis. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Air limbah wet srubber dengan konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% digunakan sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis. Selama kultivasi, dilakukan pengamatan pH, produksi biomassa, dan kandungan fikosianin. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa air limbah wet scrubber dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai medium pertumbuhan S. platensis. Konsentrasi optimum bagi pertumbuhan S. platensis adalah campuran dari 75% air limbah wet scrubber dan 25% medium Zarrouk.Kata kunci : air limbah, flue gas desulphurization, wet scrubber, Spirulina platensis Utilization of Wet Scrubber Wastewater from Flue Gas Desuphurization (FGD) of Paper Industry as a Growth Medium for Spirulina platensisAbstractThe flue gas desulohurization (FGD) withwet scrubber is a process to reduce the concentration of SOx of the flue gas from combustion. This process can resolve the air pollution by reducing gas emission and the dust particles in the liquid droplets to produce cleaner flue gas. The wet scrubber wastewater is acidic. An alternative utilization of wet scrubber wastewater is for cultivation of microalgae. Spirulina platensis is bluish-green microalgae containing high nutritional value. The objective of this research is to determine the potential and the optimum concentration of wastewater from wet scrubber as growth medium of Spirulina. platensis. The research method was observation in the laboratory with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions. The wastewater from wet scrubber with a concentration of 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % was used as growth medium of S. platensis. During cultivation, pH, biomass production, and pigment phycocyanin were measured. The results indicated that the wastewater of wet scrubber can be utilized as a growth medium of S. platensis. The optimum concentration for the growth of S. platensis is the mixture of 75% of the wastewater from wet scrubber and 25% of medium Zarrouk.Keywords : wastewater, flue gas desulphurization, wet scrubber, Spirulina platensis
Research of fed batch saccharification using paper mill primary sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been conducted. The research was conducted in several stages i.e. sludge characterization, determining optimum dosage of cellulase and glucosidase through batch saccharification, and continued with fed batch saccharification. The characterization was performed on 3 primary sludge type from 3 paper mill, which are print paper mill with virgin pulp raw material, paper tissue mill with virgin pulp raw material and core board mill with waste paper raw material. The characterization results showed that the sludge derived from the tissue paper mill with virgin pulp raw material has the highest content of cellulose which is 47.06%, this sludge was used as further research material. The initial trial of batch saccharification at 6% w/w and temperature of 60oC gave optimum dosage of cellulase 9 FPU/g cellulose and β-glucosidase 80 IU/g cellulose with reducing sugar 20.01 g/L and a saccharification efficiency of 63.84%. Fed batch saccharification was performed on tissue paper mill sludge at cellulase and glucosidase enzyme doses respectively 9 FPU/g cellulose and 80 IU/g, temperature 60°C and initial pH of 4 with two variables, which are cumulative solid content (10%, 14%, and 18% w/v) and feed enzyme system (at the beginning and in step). The best results were obtained at fed batch sakarifikasi with gradual enzyme feeding at 14% solids content resulting in reducing sugar 43.899 g/L and efficiency 60.03%.
Hampir sebanyak 90% industri farmasi di Indonesia masih menggunakan bahan baku impor. Indonesia memiliki salah satu bahan baku yang cukup melimpah yaitu selulosa. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) adalah hasil sintesis dari bakteri aerobic seperti bakteri asam asetat Gluconacetobacter spp. yang berbentuk selulosa murni dengan diameter berukuran nano. Bahan baku BNC yang digunakan dalam industri farmasi adalah BNC dalam bentuk slurry atau high viscose nanocellulose. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memilih bakteri dan kondisi optimum dalam memproduksi BNC. Bakteri yang digunakan adalah Gluconacetobacter xylinus dan Gluconacetobacter intermedius yang berasal dari InaCC-LIPI dan Gluconacetobacter sp. dari industri nata de coco. Inokulum dari ketiga jenis kultur bakteri tersebut dikultivasi selama 7 hari dalam medium Hestrin&Schramm (HS) cair menggunakan kultur statis dan agitasi dengan kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm pada pH 5 dan suhu 25 ºC. Isolat bakteri Gluconacetobacter sp. dipilih sebagai bakteri penghasil BNC karena memiliki nilai yield paling tinggi. Kemudian isolat tersebut ditumbuhkan pada variasi kecepatan agitasi (100, 150, dan 200 rpm), variasi pH (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; dan 6,0), dan variasi suhu (25-30 ºC). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Gluconacetobacter sp. memiliki kondisi optimum pada kecepatan agitasi 150 rpm, pH 5,5, dan suhu 27 ºC. Optimization of Bacterial Nanocellulose Production in Agitation Culture MethodsAbstractAlmost 90% of pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia still uses imported raw material. However, Indonesia has one of the abundant raw materials which is cellulose. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a pure form of nanocellulose biopolymer material synthesized by microbes such as acetic acid bacteria of Gluconacetobacter spp. as pure cellulose and having diameter in nano scale. BNC used in pharmaceutical industry is in the slurry form/high viscose nanocellulose. The purpose of this study is to determine the bacteria and the optimum conditions to produce BNC. The bacteria used were Gluconacetobacter xylinus and Gluconacetobacter intermedius from InaCC-LIPI and Gluconacetobacter sp. from nata industry. The inoculums were cultivated for 7 days in liquid Hestrin & Schramm (HS) medium using static and agitation culture with a stirring speed of 150 rpm at pH 5 and temperature 25 ºC. The production of BNC has been conducted by using Gluconacetobacter sp., because it has the highest yield. Then it was inoculated at different variation of agitation speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm), pH (4.0; 4.5; 5.0; and 6.0), and temperature (25-30 ºC). This research shows that Gluconacetobacter sp. has optimum conditions at the agitation speed of 150 rpm, pH 5.5, and temperature 27 ºC.Keywords: Bacterial nanocellulose, Gluconacetobacter, agitation
The diversity of thought patterns among the interpreter of HolyQur'an in interpreting verses, especially with regard to the scientificmiracles of the Qur'an is something interesting to study. The Qur'anwas revealed not to explain science, but as a guide for those who arepious. However, many of the verses of the Qur'an are calling forthinking, so it is inevitable that the motivation of the exegete to studyverse by verse will continue to develop in harmony with scientificdisciplines, trends, and the development of science and technology intheir lifetime.The problem in this research is the differences of opinion someinterpreters of Holy Qur'an are quite significant in interpreting QS.Yaasiin verse 80, by raising six opinions of the interpreter of HolyQur'an representing classical and contemporary of interpreters of HolyQur'an.The purpose of this study is to uncover the background of theHoly Quran's interpreters dissent, looking for points of similaritythrough scientific analysis. Thus, this research includes qualitativeresearch with a literature study approach. The primary data sourcesare obtained from the Qur'an commentaries, science books and othersources.The research step starts from the presentation of data fromseveral Holy Quran's interpreters in the study of the verse under studyalong with the bibliography to determine the development of science in Thoriqotuna | Jurnal Pendidikan Islamits time. Then these opinions are clarified to find out the differencesand similarities, then reviewed through a scientific analysis approach.From the results of the study, identified three main opinions ofHoly Qur'an's interpreters in interpreting the QS. Yaasiin paragraph80, namely; First, opinions about the fuel of al-‘afar and al-marh (atype of green plants in the country of Hijaz). Second, the opinion thatstates fuel in the process of photosynthesis, and the third opinion aboutfuel in the form of coal.The results of the study showed a relationship (equation)between these commentaries in terms of the energy products producedand their utilization. Different in terms of the shape of the fuel, but themolecular structure (atom C), the combustion process (O2 as anoxidizer) and the product of combustion (CO2 + H2O + E) are thesame. Thus, scientific analysis makes the same concept from theopinions of several different interpreters of Holy qur'an.
This study aims to analyze the development of productive waqf to reduce poverty levels in Ciamis Regency. The research method used is empirical research. Data were collected through interviews and documentation studies. The results showed that (1) the management carried out by Nazhir used the POAC method (Planning, Organizing, Acting, Controlling) in order to achieve what was expected by the wakif so that the waqf property was utilized in accordance with its purpose; (2) implementation of waqf development through the establishment of mini markets. Until now, it has started to develop with the opening of a canteen near the area of educational institutions, laundry, and already has an inventory of two-wheeled vehicles. To increase productivity, a poverty alleviation model is currently being developed through scholarships for underprivileged and orphaned students. The obstacles faced in optimizing the program are limited capital, low competence of human resources
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) in different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene and hexane) to produce bio-oil were comparatively investigated. Experiments were carried out in an autoclave at different temperature of 300, 350 and 400 oC with a fixed solid/liquid ratio of 4 gram in 50 mL solvent, without catalysts and reaction time of 5 hours. The liquid products were analyzed using GCMS to determine the chemical composition. Result showed that the chemical compositions were greatly affected by the solvent types. Each solvent has a major component in bio-oil products. The major compounds resulted from methanol and ethanol solvent were ketones/others. The major compounds resulted from toluene and hexane solvents were organic acid, which favoured high temperature. Meanwhile, esters and organic acid were the major products from acetone solvents. Temperature operation resulted more variations in the chemical composition and the percentages of the bio-oil.
Recently, haloacid dehalogenases have gained a lot of interest because of their potential applications in bioremediation and synthesis of chemical products. The haloacid dehalogenase gene from Bacillus cereus IndB1 (bcfd1) has been isolated, expressed, and Bcfd1 enzyme activity towards monochloroacetic acid has been successfully studied. However, the structure, enantioselectivity, substrate range, and essential residues of Bcfd1 have not been elucidated. This research performed computational studies to predict the Bcfd1 protein structure and analyse the interaction of Bcfd1 towards several haloacid substrates to comprehend their enantioselectivity and substrates’ range. Structure prediction revealed that Bcfd1 protein consist of two domains. The main domain consists of seven β-sheets connected by six α-helices and four 310-helices forming a Rossmannoid fold. On the other hand, the cap domain consists of five β-sheets connected by five α-helices. The docking simulation showed that 2-chloroalkanoic acids bind to the active site of Bcfd1 with docking energy decreases as the length of their alkyl chain increases. The docking simulation also indicated that the docking energy differences of two enantiomers of 2-chloroalkanoic acids substrates were not significant. Further analysis revealed the role of Met1, Asp2, Cys33, and Lys204 residues in orienting the carboxylic group of 2-chloroalkanoic acids in the active site of this enzyme through hydrogen bonds. This research proved that computational studies could be used to figure out the effect of substrates enantiomer and length of carbon skeleton to Bcfd1 affinity toward 2-chloroalkanoic acids.
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