Background:Although the overwhelming majority of Iranian adolescents are well-adjusted, a substantial group exhibits high levels of maladjustment and deficient functioning. Escalation of criminal violence among the youth population has become a major public policy issue and a serious public health problem. In reviewing a 10-year literature, this article aimed to describe and propose primary assumptions regarding the correlates of aggressive and violent behaviors in Iranian adolescents and youth.Methods:Bibliographic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar along with Iranian databases including PubMed, IranMedex, Magiran, Irandoc, Psychoinfo, and Emrofor Scientific Information Database, and Magiran constituted the databases which we searched for the relevant literature. Overall 98 articles met the inclusion criteria, allowing us to initiate the discussion.Results:Reportedly, prevalence of violence and aggression among the Iranian adolescents and youth ranged from 30% to 65.5% while males being 2½ times more affected than females. The role of gender, family environment, family size, socioeconomic status, and victimization in perpetuating the circumstances was apparent.Conclusions:Relatively high prevalence of violence and aggression among Iranian youth and adolescents is a warning sign and a great challenge to the social system. Reviewed studies suffer from certain methodological and conceptual limitations. Undertaking community-based studies to estimate the actual extent of the problem is warranted.

Background: Mental workload is one of the factors that influence individuals' performance in the work environment as well as their efficiency and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME) for mental workload in nurses. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive and cross-sectional conducted on 75 nurses. For assessment of mental workload, first NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) and then RSME were measured. After from data gathering, the data were analyzed using SPSS, descriptive statistics, Student's independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation test. Results: The results of the assessment workload using RSME and NASA-TLX index of nurses showed that nurses' workload was high. Pearson correlation test regression coefficient showed a good correlation between scores of RSME and NASA-TLX index (r = 0.72) (r 2 = 0.51). Also there was no significant association between age and work experience with mental workload score in RMSE (P = 0.09) (P = 0.08) and NASA-TLX index (P = 0.08) (P = 0.06). Student's t-test showed that no significant relationship was observed between sex and scores of RMSE (P = 0.08) and NASA-TLX index (P = 0.07). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that RMSE is a good method for assessing mental workload and there was acceptable correlation with NASA-TLX valid indices. RMSE index can be used to assess the mental workload.

Individuals with special education needs have been particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as they have been shown to be at high risk of losing medical and institutional support at a time when people are being asked to stay isolated, suffering increased anxiety and depression as a consequence. Their families have often found themselves under tremendous pressure to provide support, engendering financial hardship, and physical and emotional strains. In such times, it is vital that international collaborations assess the impact on the individuals and their families, affording the opportunity to make national and international comparisons of how people have coped and what needs to be done to optimize the measures taken by families, associations and governments. This paper introduces one such collaboration.

Background: Musculoskeletal pain accompanied by psychological problems leads to reduced health efficiency. On the other hand, work-related anxiety and depression is another important factor that could result in reduced productivity in organizations and physical and mental problems in personnel. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common occupational health problems that have high costs and lead to productivity loss in military personnel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of anxiety and depression with MSDs among military personnel in 2016. Materials and Methods:This descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 military personnel in July 2016 through convenience sampling method. The data collection tools used were the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) and Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, and ANOVA in SPSS software. Results: The highest prevalence of MSDs was observed in the back (48%), thoracic spine (41%), and shoulder (37%). The Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale scores showed that anxiety and depression were at a medium level. The Pearson correlation test showed a significant correlation between anxiety (P = 0.01) (r = 0.79) and depression (P = 0.01) (r = 0.76), and MSDs; with increase in anxiety and depression, MSDs also increased. Conclusions:The results of this study showed that anxiety and depression have a direct relationship with MSDs. Therefore, interventions must be carried out for MSDs prevention such as reducing physical and psychological job demands, and reducing anxiety and depression level among military personnel.

Introduction: Chronic Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, which is caused by certain series of bacteria in oral biofilm and leads to teeth supporting tissue destruction. Stress, depression and anxiety can affect periodontium health through variable different mechanisms. Cortisol is secreted from adrenocorticotropic glands in pituitary gland and can be used as index to determine psychological stress rate. Alpha-amylase is an salivary gland enzyme which is regulated through sympatric nervous system. The aim of the following study is to compare between different biomarkers related to the emotional stress, anxiety and depression in saliva and their role on periodontal health and also the correlation between periodontal parameters, stress, depression and anxiety. Method: 90 patients with age ranged from 35 to 45 years were participated in the study. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels were measured in them. Levels of Stress, Anxiety and Depresion were evaluated using questionnaires. The relationship between psychological and biochemical factors with chronic Periodontitis were assessed. The results were analyzed by statistical analysis. Results: The mean concentration of salivary cortisol was 7.87±4.37 ng/ml in the case group and 4.33±2.11 ng/ml in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean concentration of salivary alphaamylase was 3569.27±101.22 U/L in the case group and 3343.44±171.09 U/L in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean stress score was 24.28±3.09 in the case group and 22.96±3.61 in the control group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean anxiety score was 44.11±4.59 in the case group and 36.47±4.30 in the control group, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean depression score was 19.96±3.58 in the case group and 13.13±3.91 in the control group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of these study showed that psychological factors like emotional stress, depression and anxiety and biochemical factors including salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are higher in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis in comparison to healthy people. also Anxiety and depression are stronger predictors of periodontitis than acute stress and cortisol.