Background:To current knowledge, different oocyte's recovery method and various seasons have profound impact on in vitro embryo production (IVEP).Objectives:The aim of this study was to define an efficient recovery method for oocytes harvesting from slaughterhouse material in different seasons, and their effects on IVEP yield.Materials and Methods:Ovaries from slaughtered ewes in breeding season (BS) and non-breeding season (NBS) were collected from a local abattoir. The oocytes were recovered through aspiration, centrifugation (ORC), puncture and slicing, and categorized into three classes (I, oocytes with more than three layers of cumulus cells; II, less than three layers with damaged cumulus cells; III, denuded oocytes). After cultivation in TCM 199 for 24 hours, matured oocytes were subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC). The oocyte recovery using ORC in BS and NBS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with other recovery methods.Results:No significant dissimilarities in the proportion of oocytes reaching M-II stage were recorded when using different oocyte recovery methods in different seasons. Aspiration resulted in lower (P < 0.05) proportion of class I (BS, 60.0 ± 2.1; NBS, 51.1 ± 2.1) compared to ORC (BS, 82.0 ± 1.2; NBS, 70.0 ± 1.2), slicing (BS, 80.0 ± 2.1; NBS, 71.0 ± 1.4) and puncture (BS, 80.0 ± 1.5; NBS, 72.0 ± 2.0). Monospermy and blastocyst development rates were significantly higher using ORC than other recovery techniques in both BS and NBS. More oocytes with high quality, greater blastocyst development and oocyte recovery rates were achieved in BS.Conclusions:The results revealed that oocytes harvesting technique and season are effective in the rate of cleavage and blastocysts’ development, and suggest that despite same meiotic resumption rate in all treatments, it would be better to use ORC.
IntroductionMarriage is a social capital in society, so that makes the behavioral and social stability of parents and children in a generation, productive. Various factors can affect the intention of marriage, including individual, economic, social and cultural factors. The present study aimed to determine predictors of university students’ intention to marriage based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed among 192 single students (Master and PhD students with five to seven years of dentistry and medicine) in Hamadan, in 2014. The samples in this study were selected through convenient sampling. The data collection tools were demographic and TPB questionnaires. A questionnaire based on the TPB model was used in order to assess attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Data were analyzed by using SPSS16 and descriptive indexes, independent-samples t-test, One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression at 95% significant level.ResultsThe results showed that attitudes toward marriage (β=0.217; p=0.001), subjective norms (β=0.366; p<0.001), and perceived behavioral control (β=0.279; p<0.001) significantly predicted students’ intention to marriage. The TPB constructs explained 44% of the variance of intention.ConclusionResults indicated that strategies to improve the intention of marriage can include: expression of psychological needs such as having a companion, the importance of responsibility, society attitude of marriage, parents and marriage, the importance of the decision-making power and job position.
Background & Aims: Health promoting behaviors are one of the main criteria for determining health. Nowadays, it is believed that for being successful in behavior change and health promotion, people should have sufficient self-efficacy. This study aimed to determine health promoting behaviors and its relationship with selfefficacy health workers in Urmia. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 301 health house workers in rural health centers of Urmia in 2015. Data were collected using the questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, health promoting behaviors (Healthy Lifestyle Questionnaire) and Sherer et.al. General Selfefficacy Scale. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The mean score of health promoting behaviors of health workers was 136.4 (24.4). The highest score was in the health responsibility dimension 35.37 (7.37) and the lowest score was in physical activity dimension 13.25 (5.26). The result showed that self-efficacy had a positive significant correlation with health promoting lifestyle and all of its sub-domains (P < 0001). There was also a significant relationship between health promoting lifestyle and economic level, education, and gender (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Given the importance of health promoting behaviors of health workers and the effects of selfefficacy on these behaviors, it seems that training programs can be effective in promoting health behaviors of health workers in order to increase self-efficacy.
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a number of infections and has been described to exhibit resistance to antibacterial drugs through different resistance mechanisms. Among these, active efflux has been shown to be one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance associated with S. aureus. In this sense, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the ellagic acid and gallic acid compounds to reverse resistance by inhibiting the efflux pumps present in S. aureus strains IS-58 and K2068 that express the TetK and MepA flux pumps, respectively. In addition, it was verified the toxicity of both compounds on Drosophila melanogaster. Broth microdilution assays were performed to obtain the MIC values of ellagic acid and gallic acid, while efflux pump inhibition was tested using a subinhibitory concentration of standard efflux pump inhibitors, gallic acid and ellagic acid (MIC/8), where the ability of these compounds to decrease the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and antibiotics was verified. Toxicity was evaluated by mortality and negative geotaxis assays in D. melanogaster. Ellagic acid and gallic acid showed no direct antibacterial activity on S. aureus strains carrying the efflux pumps TetK and MepA. However, when we look at the results for the TetK pump, we see that when the two acids were associated with the antibiotic tetracycline a potentiation of the antibacterial effect occurred, this behavior was also observed for the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the MepA strain. For the efflux pump inhibition results, only the compound gallic acid showed potentiating effect on antibacterial activity when associated with the substrate EtBr for the IS-58 strain carrying the TetK efflux pump. Ellagic acid and gallic acid showed no toxicity on the model arthropod D. melanogaster. These results indicate the possible use of gallic acid as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.
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