Background Problems and limitations of movement in individuals with ID are highly common, which particularly may cause the loss of basic performance and limit the person's independence in doing their daily activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect and durability of functional exercises on balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) scores of individuals with ID. Methods In the present study, 34 participants with ID were selected randomly and divided into three groups: training groups [unstable group (UG); n = 12; age = 21.46 ± 5.37 years and stable group (SG); n = 12; age = 18.50 ± 2.11 years] or the control group (CG; n = 10; age = 19.50 ± 1.27 years). The postural stability measure was collected with the BESTest. The training groups did the functional exercises for 8 weeks, 3 days/week and 1 h/day. The control group did not experience any training. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 22 software on a significance level (P < 0.05). Results Both UG and SG training improved the outcome measures [biomechanical constraints(F = 14.04; P = 0.001), limits of stability/verticality (F = 54.39; P = 0.001), postural responses (F = 26.28; P = 0.001), anticipatory postural adjustment (F = 22.72; P = 0.001), stability in gait (F = 51.95; P = 0.001), sensory orientation (F = 83.87; P = 0.001) and total score (F = 114.1; P = 0.001)]. These improvements were maintained at a 1-month follow-up, although the effect was slightly reduced. The results showed that the training group at an unstable level has more balanced improvement compared to the training group at a stable level. Conclusion This study presents evidence that functional exercises can be recognised as a comprehensive and effective mediator in the improvement of balance in individuals with ID and also affect performance and movement activities.
Methods:In this systematic review, all quantitative studies related to gait and balance of people with intellectual disabilities were searched from Persian databases (Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, MedLib, SID, and Google Scholar) and all full text articles with keywords of "intellectual disability", "balance", "postural control", and "gait" were extracted from English databases (Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Review, TRIP, Pedro, CINAHL, ProQuest). Then, after complete review of articles, the English and Persian published papers on biomechanical parameters of gait cycle and balance in intellectual disabilities and related factors were extracted. Also, a "Data Extraction Form" which was developed based on research objectives, was used for data collection. Out of 56 related papers and research projects, 20 articles were excluded due to lack of meeting the inclusion criteria. Finally, 36 papers and research projects were included in this study. Results:Of the 36 remained studies, the results showed that intellectual disabilities are usually accompanied with gait disorders, especially in step length, stride length, shorter step width, and lower velocity. It also has kinetic and kinematic disorders, including reduction of the ankle production power in the push-off phase, increased hip and knee flexion at stance phase, knee limitation and plantar ankle flexion at the heel contact, and joint stiffness during the gait cycle. The results showed that individuals with intellectual disabilities had significantly lower scores in the balance tests compared to their healthy peers. Conclusion:Based on the results, the prevalence of gait disorders and balance in people with intellectual disability is high. Preventive measures should be taken in order to control gait disorders and balance. Therefore, it is suggested that occupational therapists, physiotherapists, sports experts, nurses, and other stakeholders try to find therapeutic strategies for preventing, control, and treatment of gait disorders. Also, because of the lack of intervention studies, future research must move from description to intervention studies in order to provide a guideline in clinical settings.
This study examines the effects and durability of postural exercise on gait kinematics in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs). Thirty-four men with mild IDDs were assigned to either the training group (n = 19) or the control group (n = 15). The TG performed the intervention over 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 1 h/day. The results indicated that the intervention program had a significant effect on some variables of gait. Additionally, in the TG between post-test and follow-up, there was no significant difference, which indicated that gait variables were maintained by the TG one month after the end of the program. This research demonstrates that postural exercises are a viable intervention for enhancing the gait of people with IDDs.
Objective: Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disease in people with intellectual disability, with a prevalence of 1 in 800-1000 live births. Youth and adolescents with DS are a unique population in terms of health-related physical fitness factors. Methods: In this review study, to investigate the physical fitness factors and physical activity programs for youth and adolescents with DS, a search was conducted in international and national databases such as EBSCO, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar and SID among studies conducted during 1996-2016 using following keywords in Persian and English: Physical fitness, physical activity, Down syndrome, rehabilitation, intellectual disability, muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic fitness, balance, agility and flexibility. Results: Initial search yielded 130 articles. After removing duplicates, 35 were remained for the review. The studies indicated lower cardiorespiratory capacity and physical fitness in people with DS than in their normal peers in strength, endurance, balance and agility as well as increased subcutaneous fat and body fat distribution. Conclusion: Adolescents and youth with DS have low cardiovascular and muscular capacity and physical fitness, overweight/obesity, and reduces health-related physical activities. Future studies should focus on strength testing and training protocols, methods for determining physical activity levels, and practical interventions to increase physical activities in DS patients.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carrying backpack on the balance of female students aged 9-11 years. In the present study, 30 students (mean age of 15.02±2.07 years, height of 140±8 cm, and weight of 41.51±15.26 kg and body mass index of 20.68±5.39 kg/m2) were randomly selected. Their static and dynamic balances were evaluated using single-leg stance and Y tests in both cases of with and without a backpack. Based on the research findings, there was a significant difference (P═0.035) between the cases of with and without carrying a backpack (as much as 10% of body weight) in a static balance in girls aged 9-11 years. Also, a significant difference was found between the anterior direction (P═0.003) in the left leg and internal posterior (P═0.003) and external posterior (P═0.003) directions in the right leg in the dynamic balance, while no significant differences were seen in other directions in the two legs. Moreover, in the assessment of the effect of backpack on different directions using Y test, it was observed that backpack weight has the greatest effects on both legs in the internal posterior direction. The results of the current research showed that carrying a backpack weighing 10% of the body weight by female students aged 9-11 reduced static and dynamic balances. According to the results, it is suggested that school health officials and parents should apply effective planning and training for students on carrying backpack with suitable weight.
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