Background: People in prisons are at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV exposure and associated risk factors in Iranian prisons. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016, among 29 prisons in Iran, blood samples were collected using multistage sampling. HBV and HCV diagnostic tests were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for the evaluation of factors associated with HBV and HCV exposure. Results: Among 6,481 people in prisons, the prevalence of HCV and HBV antibodies were 8.21% (95% CI: 7.55 -8.90) and 3.06% (95% CI: 2.65 -3.50), respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, the most important risks associated for HCV exposure were the history of drug use (AOR 5.75, 95% CI 3.54 -9.35) followed by the age of 30 years and older (AOR: 5.02, 95% CI: 3.65 -6.9), the history of tattooing (AOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.96 -3), the history of imprisonment (AOR 2.23, 95%CI 1.76 -2.82), being single (AOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.54 -2.37), low education (AOR 1.81, 95%CI 1.01 -3.27), and the history of piercing (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04 -1.52). There was no significant association between HBV prevalence and independent variables (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings highlight a high prevalence of HCV infection in Iranian prisons. Efforts are needed to improve HCV screening and interventions, particularly among people with a history of drug use, and linkage to care.
Background
This study aimed at determining the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among incarcerated people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran in 2015–16.
Methods
The required data was collected from a database provided by Iranian national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs) on 11,988 prisoners selected from among 55 prisons in 19 provinces in 2015–16. The data on demographics and behavioral variables were collected through interviews and the status of exposure to HBV and HCV were determined using ELISA blood test. A total of 1387 individuals with a history of drug injection in their lifetime were enrolled into the study. Data were analyzed using the survey package in Stata/SE software, Version 14.0. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to investigate the relationships between risk factors and outcomes.
Results
The mean age of the incarcerated PWID was 36.83 ± 8.13 years. Of all the studied subjects, 98.46% were male and 50.97% were married. The prevalence of HCV and HBV among the subjects were 40.52 and 2.46%, respectively. The prevalence of HCV was associated with age ≥ 30 years, being single, illiteracy and low level of education, prison term> 5 years, history of piercing, and extramarital sex in lifetime (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The prevalence of HCV is alarmingly high. In general, it is recommended to adopt measures to screen and treat patients with HCV and vaccinat incarcerated PWID without a history of vaccination against HBV.
Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections occur through the colonization of microbes in the urinary tract. One of the major challenges in the antibacterial treatment of these infections is an increase in antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial agents causing urinary infections and its antibiotic resistance patterns in patients referred to Shohada hospital in Khorramabad.
Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 740 bacterial isolates were isolated and detected from urinary culture in Shohada Hospital of Khorramabad during one year (2016)(2017). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was measured by disc diffusion method. Results were analyzed using STATA-12 software. Results: The highest isolate was Escherichia coli (61.43%) and the least frequent was related to Citrobacer (0.27%). Isolated Escherichia coli had most resistance to nalidixic acid (54.18%). Isolates that picked up in different parts of the hospital showed the highest resistance to cotrimoxazole. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance is high in isolates that picked up from urine culture of patients. Since, distribution of antibiotic resistance is variable in different regions and periods of time, periodic monitoring of antibiotic resistance is recommended to control the infection.
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