In recent years, the philosophy behind traditional methods by which structures were designed to withstand natural disasters has gone through major changes. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are characterized by their superelastic behavior, which enables them to recover their original shape after experiencing large deformations. This characteristic provides an ideal reversibility capacity that can be used in the passive control of buildings exposed to earthquakes. This article has attempted to identify the effects of changing the hysteretic characteristics of SMA materials when they are used as passive control systems in eccentric bracing frames. By evaluating the numerical analysis results obtained from the modeling of an experimental sample and the modeling of the proposed EBF system, the accuracy of the above-stated notion was confirmed. Moreover, the results that pertain to the nonlinear pushover analysis, time-history dynamic analysis and seismic damage analysis of eccentric steel bracing frames of 4-, 9- and 14-story structures indicate that the use of SMA superelastic materials, in addition to effectively improving their ductility, stiffness and lateral strength, provides an excellent reversibility capacity, which considerably reduces both the maximum relative displacement and the residual deformation in the structure.
In this paper, the transmission and reflection of acoustic waves into and from an underground tunnel are investigated by producing an impact load on the ground and measuring the acoustic pressure levels at different time intervals. For this purpose, a sound detector is placed on the ground and then from an arbitrary location on the surface, acoustic waves are transmitted into the ground from an acoustic source. The pressure levels of acoustic waves transmitted into the tunnel space and reflected back to the ground surface are measured, and the effects of several parameters on the attenuation of acoustic pressure levels of transmitted and reflected sound waves are evaluated. Moreover, the effects of parameters such as soil type, concrete type and thickness, buried depth of the underground structure and also the effect of acoustic absorbers on the transmission, propagation and reflection of acoustic waves into and from the tunnel are investigated. The results obtained indicate that the two parameters of soil type and buried depth have the greatest effect on the transmission of acoustic waves, whereas all the parameters considered are important with regard to the reflection of acoustic waves. In addition, it was observed that the use of acoustic absorbers in tunnel structures has a significant effect on the attenuation of transmitted and reflected acoustic waves.
This paper presents a weighted residual method with several weight functions for solving differential equation of motion in nonlinear structural dynamics problems. Order of variation of acceleration is assumed to be quadratic in each time step in which polynomial of displacement would contain five unknown coefficients. Five equations are required for determination of these coefficients in each time step. These equations are obtained from initial conditions, satisfying equation of motions at both ends, and weighted residual integration. In this study, four procedures are considered for weight function to be used in the weighted residual integration as; unit weight function, Petrov-Galerkin's weight function, least square weight function, and collocation weight function. Due to higher order of acceleration in the proposed method, the results indicate better and more accurate responses. Among the tested functions, the unit weighted function method demonstrated to be non-dissipative and its numerical dispersion showed to be clearly less than the common Newmark's linear acceleration method. Also critical time step duration in stability investigation for weighted function procedure showed to be larger than the critical time step duration obtained by other methods used in the nonlinear structural dynamics problems.
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