Today's medicine mainly relies on conventional means of therapeutics delivery to the human body, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, and injectable drugs. Utilizing such techniques are associated with a number of drawbacks including the need of high drug dosage, causing transient drug concentration changes in the patient's body, poor solubility, poor bioavailability, drug degradation, and interaction with the biological environment (enzymes and proteins). To address these issues, nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery methods are proposed. Among the plethora of novel drug delivery techniques, the use of polymeric nanocarriers is shown to be promising. In fact, they focus on three main questions: first, where should a drug be released? Second, when should the drug be released? And finally, how should the drug be released? In this review, we are confined to explaining some concepts regarding to polymeric nanocarriers. First, different kinds of polymeric nanocarriers have been explained, in terms of their structures and properties. Second, different fabrication methods, for each one, have been elaborated. Finally, a handful of works carried out have been reviewed for their special structure, their kind of polymers which is used, and the drug which is encapsulated.

One of the main factors in the alternative fuel economy is the primary raw materials. Importing raw materials and preparation conditions for cultivation of non-native species require high expenditure. Therefore, using native species can greatly reduce production costs. Therefore in this paper, this is for the first time a comprehensive study indigenous oil plant of Tehran province and their suitable growth conditions is presented. Then three species non-edible rapeseed, cotton and barley were selected due to their feasibility of producing biodiesel. The purpose of this study is therefore to propel relevant policies in the country towards greater use of domestic raw materials and known potentials. Therefore, the potential for biodiesel production from plant sources, in this region was studied using GIS software. The present paper describes the zoning map and identifies the potential map of producing biodiesel from indigenous plant sources in Tehran province. According to the map, concentration of biodiesel production is in the central and western cities of province. This map shows that 116806.8665 hectare of land with the greatest potential to produce biodiesel. Also the potential of biodiesel production from introduced species, considering the yield per hectare and their oil content, was calculated. The results show that the potential of biodiesel production for the three species of rapeseed, cotton and barley are respectively 98117.77, 58403.43, 83516.91 tons in Tehran province. Non-edible rapeseed with the highest production potential has been introduced as a superior indigenous species for the future investments in biodiesel production in Tehran province.

Background Waste incineration is one of the new ways to dispose of municipal solid waste, which greatly reduces the amount of waste and decrease the need for landfilling systems. There are several ways to diminish and eliminate these pollutants like filtration and process optimization of pollutants from waste incineration plants which have been studied comprehensively in the current study. In this study, Kahrizak waste incineration plant has been selected as a case study. The waste incineration process in the mentioned power plant is based on pyrolysis and gasification methods. One of the practical methods to improve the process is numerical modeling; in this way, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis has been used for numerical solutions. ANSYS Fluent software is one of the applications in computational fluid dynamics that helps significantly in solving the numerical equations governing this study. Results The deviation value of the modeling was about 6% compared to the actual data. In addition, using the modeling results, temperature, pressure and velocity distributions, as well as discharge, mass distribution of pollutants were obtained and analyzed in details. The results show that by increasing the inlet air flow rate, the carbon dioxide discharge increases and the methane discharge decreases. Conclusions With the change in primary and secondary air flow, the changes of three pollutants were studied in detail. The weighted normalized value of the total pollutants, with the selected index being the minimum for each pollutant which has the lowest value among the studied conditions.