Abstract:Grape is an important garden crop which plays a particular role in nutrition and health of people. A most important viticultural region of Iran is Abhar, Zanjan province. Abharcovers one third of grape gardens in Zanjan. Economic attempts of human have been always directed to gain maximum result from minimum efforts and facilities. To promote efficiency has been always of great importance in agricultural units of developing countries such as Iran;because agricultural sector is a part of national economies. To address technical efficiency of viticulturists in Abhar, Iran and its effective factors, a documentary survey was used. Participants included viticulturists of Abhar. Sample size was 148 determined by Cochran formula and samples were selected randomly. Required information was collected by an author-developed questionnaire. To estimate production function, Douglas and Translog functions were used. Results showed that variables including garden age, viticulture experience positively, and water resource, educational level of viticulturists, crop insurance, and participating in promotional training courses negatively influence on efficiency. Mean, minimum and maximum efficiency of viticulturistswere 78.94, 11.04 and 94.89, respectively.
Cooperative sector is a new form of economic activities which emerge a new generation of people taking advantage of legitimate and balanced ownership by using public potentials and facilities and sharing benefits of their work. The present study compares performances of manufacturing cooperatives and manufacturing private firms in Bostan Abad, Iran. The methodology used for current study is a descriptive survey. Data gathering instrument was an author-developed questionnaire which was used after determining its validity and reliability. Results from testing studied hypotheses indicate that mutual trust and satisfaction are higher among workers of cooperatives than private firms (99%) are. There is also a significant difference between incomes of cooperative and private workers. Responsibility as well as participation in decisions is higher within cooperatives than private firms (99%) are. In general, it can be concluded that social aspects are stronger in terms of selected indices in cooperatives than private firms and demands of workers and members are more and better satisfied in cooperatives than private firms.
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