Background: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise worldwide; diabetes and hypertension are mentioned as the main contributors. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the multiplicative and additive interaction of diabetes and hypertension in the incidence of CKD. Methods: In this population-based cohort study, 7342 subjects aged 20 years or above (46.8% male) were divided into four groups: no diabetes and hypertension; diabetes and no hypertension; no diabetes but suffer from hypertension; and both diabetes and hypertension. The multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the effect of diabetes, hypertension, and their multiplicative interaction on CKD. The following indices were used to determine the additive interaction of diabetes and hypertension: the relative excess risk of interaction, the attributable proportion due to interaction, and the synergism index. Results: Diabetes and hypertension had no significant multiplicative interaction in men (hazard ratio of 0.93, P value: 0.764) and women (hazard ratio of 0.79, P value: 0.198); furthermore, no additive interaction was found in men (Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction of 0.79, P value: 0.199; Attributable Proportion due to Interaction of 0.22, P value: 0.130; Synergy index of 1.44, P value: 0.183) and women (Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction of -0.26, P value: 0.233, Attributable Proportion due to Interaction of -0.21, P value: 0.266; Synergy index of 0.48, P value: 0.254). Conclusions: This study demonstrated no synergic effect between diabetes and hypertension on the incidence of CKD.
Background: As hospitalized patients with COVID-19, especially those who are admitted to ICU or die afterwards, generally have comorbidities, the aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the survival rate of COVID-19 patients in Iran using a retrospective cohort.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with COVID-19 who referred to medical centers under the
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