The rapid climate changes are imperative to evaluate and find ways that suite to maize-specific varieties either hybrids or varieties with appropriate sowing dates to avoid the critical growth stages from the stresses due to climate condition. Sowing at proper time and selection of good verity are the most important factor cropping system. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture Research Farm during summer 2016 to evaluate the influence of sowing dates on varying maize varieties grown under the agro-climatic condition of Peshawar. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (randomized complete block design) were replicated three times with split plot arrangement. Sowing dates (10 June, 21 June, 1 July, 11 July, 22 July) were allotted to main plot and varieties (Iqbal, Azam, Jalal, Babar, SB-989, SB-909, SB-292, CS-200, CS-220, and W-888) were placed in the subplot. The subplot size was 5 m × 3 m. Experimental result showed that maximum days to tasseling (60), days to silking (65), tasseling and silking interval (6), plant height (185 cm), biological yield (21745 kg ha -1 ), 1000 grain weight (413 g) grain yield (5162 kg ha -1 ) were observed in different sowing intervals. Among the different verities the maximum days to tasseling (57), days to silking (62), tasseling and silking interval (7). Plant height, (176 cm), biological yield (17279 kg ha -1 ), 1000 grain weight (410 g), grain yield (5113 kg ha -1 ). It is concluded from the result that early sowing and tested variety W-888 give higher grain yield and yield traits of maize.
Drought is one of the most important wheat production limiting factor, and can lead to severe yield losses. This study was designed to examine the effect of drought stress on wheat physiology and morphology under three different field capacities (FC) viz. 80% (control), 50% (moderate) and 30% (severe drought stress) in a diverse collection of wheat germplasm including cultivars, landraces, synthetic hexaploid and their derivatives. Traits like grain weight, thousand grain weight and biomass were reduced by 38.23%, 18.91% and 26.47% respectively at 30% FC, whereas the reduction rate for these traits at 50% FC were 19.57%, 8.88% and 18.68%. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first two components PC1 and PC2 accounted for 58.63% of the total variation and separated the cultivars and landraces from synthetic-based germplasm. Landraces showed wide range of phenotypic variations at 30% FC compared to synthetic-based germplasm and improved cultivars. However, least reduction in grain weight was observed in improved cultivars which indicated the progress in developing drought resilient cultivars. Allelic variations of the drought-related genes including TaSnRK2.9-5A, TaLTPs-11, TaLTPs-12, TaSAP-7B-, TaPPH-13, Dreb-B1 and 1fehw3 were significantly associated with the phenological traits under drought stress in all 91 wheats including 40 landraces, 9 varieties, 34 synthetic hexaploids and 8 synthetic derivatives. The favorable haplotypes of 1fehw3, Dreb-B1, TaLTPs-11 and TaLTPs-12 increased grain weight, and biomass. Our results iterated the fact that landraces could be promising source to deploy drought adaptability in wheat breeding. The study further identified drought tolerant wheat genetic resources across various backgrounds and identified favourable haplotypes of water-saving genes which should be considered to develop drought tolerant varieties.
Deficiency of micronutrients is a major problem faced by nearly half of the world population due to intake of poor-quality food. To overcome the problem of malnutrition, biofortification of cereal crops is believed to be a good approach to increase nutrient contents in our daily food. The purpose of the current study was therefore to investigate the effect of foliar applied copper and boron alone and in combination with Trichoderma harzianum on yield attributes, grain quality, and nutrient contents of wheat. Wheat plants were treated with copper and boron in combination with or without T. harzianum. The applied treatments included Cu (0.05 M), Cu (0.1 M), T. harzianum, Cu (0.05 M)/T. harzianum, Cu (0.1 M)/T. harzianum, B (0.05 M), B (0.1 M), B (0.05 M)/T. harzianum, B (0.1 M)/T. harzianum, Cu (0.05 M)/B (0.05 M)/T. harzianum, and Cu (0.1 M)/B (0.1 M)/T. harzianum along with a control set for comparison. Results revealed significant enhancement in different studied growth traits including plant height, spike length, kernels per spike, harvest index, and chlorophyll content. In addition, this approach also enriched wheat grains with various micro/macronutrients including Cu, Fe, Zn, K, and P. This study concludes that the bioreagent T. harzianum along with foliar copper and boron may lead to reasonably enhanced grain quality and growth characteristics of wheat, further suggesting that the combined application of micronutrients along with T. harzianum under suitable conditions will make it an acceptable approach for crop improvements.
Use of imbalance fertilizers and its application methods may cause reducing crops productivity. Therefore the proper level of fertilizers and appropriate methods is required to sustain the productivity of crops and soil fertility. Different levels of Nitrogen and its application methods were used to improve the canola productivity. A field experiment was conducted at University of Agriculture, Peshawar research farm in 2015-16. Randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement was applied with four replicates. Application methods (Broadcast method, rows one side placement, rows both side placement and rows between) were allotted to main plots and N levels (40, 70 and 90 kg ha-1) were allotted to subplots. Experimental results exhibit that all the parameter were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different; maximum days to emergence (9), maximum number of plant m-2 (32), maximum days to first flowering (97), maximum grain pod-1 (28), maximum 1000 grain weight (3.2 g), maximum grain yield (985 kg ha-1) were noted at plot that fertilized with 70 kg ha-1 N along with both side placement of rows. It can be concluded that N at 70 kg ha-1 and both side placement of rows produce a higher yield and yield attributes of canola.
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