This paper sought to explore the role played by Lacan in the analysis of Hemingway’s work in The Old Man and the Sea. It is clear from the analysis that Lacan contributed immensely to the growth and improvement of the literary work between 1901 and 1981. Similarly, for effective analysis of the novel, Lacan sought to bring out issues on desires, conscious, unconscious, subconscious, psychology and others in the interpretation of the Hemingway’s literature. However, to achieve the objective, Lacan adopted his psychological stages of development that includes the real, mirror, and the symbolic stages. Through these stages, Lacan clearly brought out the content as perceived by Hemingway of social, cultural and religion. Ultimately, the analysis of the old man and the sea by Lacan showed that as people become aware or conscious they start to hope for unconsciousness.

Literature enables authors to express various societal matters. Shakespeare provides a wide range of information from the Elizabethan era through his works. An important issue that is evident in his work is gender roles. The roles of characters, as described by Shakespeare, show social norms that define female and male genders. Female characters in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice and Othello are underestimated because of the stereotypical gender roles. The roles involving female characters revolve around the homestead, unless where a female character is from a wealthy family, a queen or a princess. Male dominance in society implies that the Shakespearean era advocated for women discrimination.

McNamara, like Pacifism has an eclectic history (Chatfield, 1971) since its principles are rooted in both Eastern and Western thought. From their inception, such eastern religions as Taoism, Hinduism, and Buddhism have urged followers to strive for detachment from the kinds of passionate desires that lead to aggression. During the Warring States period of Chinese history (475-221 B.C.), Confucius observed pervasive conflict and, therefore, resolved to find a way in which people could coexist more amicably. After many years of careful reflection, he concluded that the establishment of peaceful civilization only becomes tenable as citizens develop the capacity to maintain sound interpersonal relationships in the family and community. Along the same lines, McNamara bases her play upon the premise that an observation and analysis of interpersonal relationships serve as the beginning of a more productive society.Greek Stoicism also illuminates traditions of pacifism with its manner of advocating the cultivation of individual virtue in order that one may best meet an obligation to society. Furthermore, Stoics believed that the soul exercised control over a person"s being in direct correspondence to the way that Logos (Word, God) exerted mastery over the universe. In this cosmology, the human soul was thought to be a fragmented aspect of the Divine Being. In order to create the best self, Stoics asserted that human beings should allow their soul, or conscience, to govern their actions. Thus, they were encouraged to privilege the use of reason over desire or emotion. Extending their ethical sensibility to a view of the polis as a representation of the divine order, Greek and Roman Stoics believed that it was the responsibility of each citizen to place the good of the community above the gratification of the self. Participation in friendship, family life, and civic activities came to be regarded as a vital means for each citizen to strengthen the development of personal virtue.The Christian Gospels, of course, advocate a non-retaliatory stance toward aggression. The message of the Beatitudes upholds harmonious relationships as a means of evidencing a relationship with the Divine in the same manner that Christ exhorted his followers to adopt a spirit of meekness and humility in dealings with others. Likewise, the Hebrew Essences placed prominence upon the cultivation of integrity and delay of selfgratification and, therefore, showed many commonalities with other philosophical doctrines with regard to relationships among fellow human beings. All of these principles emphasize the importance of assimilating spiritual or moral principles into daily interactions with others. Scholars (Aston 2000) of succeeding generations have shown the tendency to revise or expand upon ancient philosophies and world religions in order to enhance their applicability to contemporary problems and, thus, pacifist ideology has been adapted to many different referential frameworks throughout the centuries.During the nineteenth century, ...

Literature is one of society’s broad and significant elements because it shows how people interact and socialize. The objective of literature is education and entertainment through songs, poems, stories, and drama. However, a challenge that limits production and access to literary content is media. Traditionally, media used to convey literature material, such as books, television, radio, and theatres were limited to people who could afford or access venues. Consequently, the spread of literary content was limited to specific areas. However, media and information technology advancement has created a paradigm shift in the production and dissemination of literary content. This research evaluated the effects of media advancement in enhancing literature’s production, dissemination, and consumption. Importantly, this research will explain the types of media technology and how they affect literature. Literature has experienced changes because media provides advanced methods of producing and disseminating literary content. There is a significant difference between literature produced during the Elizabethan era and the industrialization period and those produced in the digital age. Writing technology was the earliest approach to generating literature, and this has evolved into digital technology that generates audio-visual content. Media has also influenced the globalization of literature by enabling access to literary works across countries and cultures. Media technology has simplified the production of literature and provided digital channels for showcasing literary work, making digital a significant contributor to social and economic development. Media development has supported advancement in literature.