The definitional and theoretical underpinnings of identity development suggest the need to establish a developmental perspective for viewing identity development in black children and youths. The developmental perspective places emphasis on the antecedent conditions that have an effect on identity development.
Women throughout the world are experiencing change on all levels societal, political and personal. The options made available to women over the past 20 years have made this era not only an exhilarating time to be a woman but also a difficult time (Friedan, 1989;Wallis, 1989). It appears that the need to design and implement creative approaches to meet the needs of women and their families is of critical importance in the United States. Experience, anecdotal evidence and research have shown that this is equally true for women and their families in countries that are in economic transition. Despite the fact that women in the West have made some progress in addressing these global issues which confront women everywhere -child care needs, gainful employment, quality education, and financial and personal concerns -there remains much work to be done in this area. It is, therefore, the intent of this article to extend and develop the concept of women resource centers as a creative problem-solving approach to meet the needs of women in development.An overview of the development of women resource centers Although feminist protest has always been a part of the American culture, it reached an apex for Caucasian women during the 1960s. Many observers of the time believed that African-American women and other women of color were not a part of that process.Many factors exist which contributed to this myopic view. Most particularly, African-American women saw the need to conceptualize their issues and concerns within a different context and from an African-centered perspective (Davis, 1983;hooks, 1982).
Emphasis on the social service needs of the deaf and hearing impaired has increased in the past decade. The literature that resulted from this attention is fragmented, however, and does not always offer the structure and direction that is needed. This review of the literature identifies issues related to effective service delivery with the objective of enhancing practitioners' understanding and awareness of the social service needs of the deaf community. A second objective is to stimulate interest and action in service delivery, program development, and direct service for the deaf.
On May 22-24, 2011, 200 participants, including youth activists, community practitioners and organizers, visual and performance artists, social work students, and emerging and senior scholars, came together to share their experiences and offer new possibilities for the future of feminism in social work. The gathering-Unsettling Feminism(s): Disrupting the Center, Dismantling Oppressions, and Transforming Social Work-was sponsored by the Board of Directors of Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work and cosponsored by the Jane Addams College of Social Work at the University of Illinois-Chicago. It was the intent of the Board of Directors and the Planning Committee to situate this event in a place with historic implications for feminist issues then and now. And where better to do so than in Chicago, the home of Jane Addams, a fierce activist and agent of change on behalf of women and children and at the Jane Addams College of Social Work?On Sunday evening, May 22, 2011, a lively reception proceeded the ''official'' opening of the ''unconference.'' Participants who shared a common vision mingled and greeted new and old acquaintances. Present were caregivers, care receivers, mothers, daughters, infants, toddlers, grandmothers, fathers, lovers, activists, womanists, and feminists. At least 15 disciplines or areas of studies (social work, women's studies, psychology, photography, art education, art and design, counseling and psychology, divinity, public health, anthropology, urban planning, education, criminal justice, public affairs, and human rights) were also represented at the gathering. The air was electric. Something was different. We later discovered that the participants felt cared about. The participants shared that they felt truly welcome and included and that a predominant feeling of love and respect permeated the atmosphere of the event.Participants from diverse national and cultural backgrounds, 25 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Canada, Canadian First Nations, and Israel were in attendance. There were 87 presentations in diverse and creative formats, focusing on organizing, pedagogy, creative expression, research, and justice issues.
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