Because stair climbing is a common activity of daily living, the ability to do it efficiently is important to an individual's quality of life. More demanding than level walking, stair ambulation is performed with ease by healthy individuals; however, it is more difficult to perform for those with decrements in motor function, balance problems, or reduced lower-limb function. The difficulty with stair climbing is attributable to increased muscular demands, which are reflected in larger forces, angles, powers, moments, and ranges of motion, and these increased demands occur consistently at the knee joint.Kinematic system is used in stair climbing to record the position and orientation of the body segments, the angles of the joints and the corresponding linear and angular velocities and acceleration. The purpose of the study is to show an ideal kinematics appearance of human gait cycle for stair climbing in order to get measurement values that can be depended on in the hospitals of rehabilitation, the centers of physical therapy and the clinical of medical sports as a reference data for kinematic joint parameter. In this study, 5 subjects were selected from the society, then a video recording was made for them by using a single digital video camera recorder fitted on a stand of three legs in a sagittal plane while subjects climbing a stair one by one for different stair heights. Motion analysis was used to study the knee and hip joint kinematics.As a result, it was observed that the range of motion at the hip joint is between (10°-70°) at ascending and the range is between (20°-50°) at descending. The range of motion at the knee joint is between (20°-90°) at ascending and the range is between (10°-100°) at descending. The range of motion at the ankle joint is between (-25°-20°) at ascending and the range is between (-25°-15°) at descending. Also it was found that the angular velocity at the hip joint is between (-10-10) deg/s for ascending and (-15-25) deg/s for descending. The angular velocity at the knee joint is between (-40-30) deg/s for ascending and (-30-50) deg/s for descending. The angular velocity at the ankle joint is between (-30-20) deg/s for ascending and (-15-15) deg/s for descending. In this study, biomechanical characteristics of lower limb joint upon various stair height were presented and these data can be applied to biomedical research field that include wearable walking assistant robot.
Ligament primarily stabilizes the diarthrodial joints and function to provide stability and support during the motion of diarthrodial joints. These functions are assisted by the congruent geometry of the articulating joint surfaces and musculotendinous forces. Ligament exhibits viscoelastic, or time-dependent behavior, like many tissues in the body. From the medical point of view an understanding of the biomechanics of ligaments are crucial for the understanding of injury mechanisms and to evaluate existing surgical repair techniques. The mode of failure in ligaments depends strongly on the rate of loading. Thus, ligament viscoelasticity is an important determinant of tissue response to loading, and viscous dissipation by the tissue modulates the potential for injury. Many mathematical models have been developed to describe the complexity of these behaviors that could include the microphysical interactions of various constituents but none of them seems to represents the overall properties of these structures. Models can be an important tool in understanding tissue structure-function relationships and elucidating the effects of injury, healing, and treatment. The main objective of this work is to study from the biomechanical point of view, the behaviour of an example of the medial collateral ligament in response to stress and strain effects to evaluate the biological behaviour of the ligament. The strain effect as example of the modified superposition method and analyze the results and the model that can express the medial collateral ligament behaviour.
Joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, induce pain and loss of mobility to millions of people around the world. Current clinical methods for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis include X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopy. These methods may be insensitive to the earliest signs of osteoarthritis. This study investigates a new procedure that was developed and validated numerically for use in the evaluation of cartilage quality. This finite element model of the human articular cartilage could be helpful in providing insight into mechanisms of injury, effects of treatment, and the role of mechanical factors in degenerativeconditions, this three-dimensional finite element model is a useful tool for understanding of the stress distributions within articular cartilage in response to external loads and investigating both the prevention of injury and the pathological degeneration of the joints.In this study, 21 models were analysed by using ANSYS workbench v12.1: four normal articular cartilage models (distal femur, patella, medial and lateral tibia). A redesign to the distal femur model was done to get osteoarthritis articular cartilage (simple and deep) seven models by making partial cut without affecting the subchondral bone, and full cut with part of the subchondral bone in different diameters. Finally a treatment done by replacing the defective parts with artificial articular cartilages with different types of treatment. The finite element analysis studied depending on a Von Mises criteria and total deformation in different activities. The results shows that Autologous Chondrocyte Implementation is the best treatment way and it is close by 87.50% to normal cartilage. This procedure can be used as a diagnostic procedure for osteoarthritic patients and to choose the best treatment options.
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