The aim of this study was to compare the effects of subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric solutions of bupivacaine or ropivacaine in xylazine-sedated calves undergoing surgery. Subarachnoid anaesthesia was performed with either 20 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine (bupivacaine group (BG), n=10) or 30 mg of hyperbaric ropivacaine (ropivacaine group (RG), n=10) into the lumbar dural space of 20 calves in a randomised, prospective clinical trial. Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, rectal temperature were recorded after sedation (time 0), and up to 120 minutes after injection. Onset, duration and magnitude of sensory block (scale 1-4) were determined using the pin-prick test throughout surgery. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and non-parametric tests (P<0.05). Bodyweight, age, duration of surgery, SBP, DBP, MBP, HR were not significantly different between groups. Onset of anaesthesia (mean±sd; BG, 5±1 minutes; RG, 7±1 minutes) and duration of anaesthesia (mean±sd; BG, 153±32 minutes; RG, 86±12 minutes) were significantly different between groups. Analgesic scores were significantly higher than baseline from 5 to 120 min, and from 7 to 85 min in BG and RG, respectively. Subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric solutions of bupivacaine produced faster onset and longer duration of anaesthesia than ropivacaine.

One of problems after peripheral nerve injury and surgery is scar tissue formation. Although the continuity of axons is restored, often the axonal viability and recovery is blocked by scarring. For preventing from scar formation silicone tubes are widely used. In addition, in the present study was used hyaluronic acid, which prevents adhesion. The aim of the present study is to evaluate electrophysiological results on nerve regeneration obtained after incision and reconstruction of rat sciatic nerve using only silicone tubes and silicone tubes filled with hyaluronic acid. Electrophysiological measurements were performed at 30th and 60th days after surgery. The amplitude and latency of the compound muscle action potentials and nerve conduction velocities were calculated for each rat. Although sciatic nerve conduction velocities in all operated groups not reached control values, amplitude and latency values in group with silicone tube and in group with silicone tube filled with hyaluronic acid statistically achieved control values on day 60. Silicone tubes filled with hyaluronic acid had better results compared to the silicone tubes without hyaluronic acid. Hence, the use of silicone tubes and hyaluronic acid for the reconstruction of nerve injuries seems to give good results on axonal regeneration.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.

Peritoneal adhesions are seen frequently after abdominal surgery and can cause serious complications. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the oral use of diclofenac sodium and ellagic acid on formation of postoperative adhesions in rats Studies have shown that agents with anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant substances can prevent adhesion by decreasing oxidative stress. We compared and evaluated the effects of ellagic acid that has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory diclofenac sodium on peritoneal adhesion development in our experimental study. Laparotomy was performed with a midline incision under general anesthesia and an adhesion model was created on the antimesenteric side of the cecum in Groups I, II, and III. Group I received 85 mg/kg ellagic acid and Group II, 50 mg/kg diclofenac sodium through the nasogastric catheter while Group III received no medication. Only laparotomy was performed in Group IV. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the 14th day. Following macroscopic scoring, tissue samples were removed and subjected to biochemical and histopathologic evaluation. The degree of adhesion and the malondialdehyde level were decreased (P < 0.05), and glutathione level increased (P < 0.05) in Group I compared to Group II and Group III. The effects of ellagic acid on the prevention of peritoneal adhesion were found to be stronger than diclofenac sodium. This can be explained by the fact that ellagic acid is a strong antioxidant and decreases oxidative stress with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects.

This study aimed to clinically evaluate the results achieved by using tendon transposition to treat postinjection peroneal paralysis in calves. The study material consisted of 23 calves in all of which the clinical history indicated the problem had occurred within 1-3 days of intramuscular injection. Each patient was administered medical treatment for three weeks. After that, a decision was made to perform tendon transposition in all the subjects because their prognosis was estimated to be poor. The owners of five of the calves did not agree to the operation, and so, medical treatment was continued. Following intrathecal anaesthesia, the vastus lateralis muscle was dissected at the insertion, and the musculus (m) extensor (ext) digitalis (dig) longus and m fibularis tertius were dissected at the origin in 18 calves. The tendon ends were joined by using the locking loop suture technique in the 18 calves. Follow-up after two to three months revealed hind limb use in all surgically treated calves, while the medically treated calves had to be slaughtered because of lameness and decubitus. The results of the present study suggest that the peroneal paralysis of calves can be successfully treated by a tendon transposition technique.

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of dimethyl sulfoxide and synovial fluid (SF) in the prevention of peritoneal adhesions that might develop in connection with the use of mersilen mesh in a ventral hernia model created experimentally in rabbits. The forty rabbits used in the study were divided into four groups of ten. The operation was conducted under intrathecal anesthesia induced with ketamine HCl (20 mg/kg intrathecal) following xylazin HCl (5 mg/kg intramuscular) sedation. A median skin incision was made in rabbits placed on the operating table in the supine position. Then, a defect 2 cm in diameter was created on the linea alba. The defect was repaired with mersilen mesh which had been previously prepared in the shape of a disk. Until the 7 th day after the operation, group I was given 10 ml saline (S) and 1.5 g/kg DMSO, group II was given 7 ml saline, 3 ml synovial fluid (SF) and 1.5 g/kg DMSO, group III was given 7 ml saline and 3 ml SF while group IV (control: C) was given only 10 ml saline. All of these were administered intraperitoneally. At the end of the 10th day, the presence and extent of peritoneal adhesion was checked using Jenkins' (1983) visual adhesion scale by performing a relaparotomy. All of the data obtained from the study was analyzed statistically using the Minitab-16 package program. Tissue samples from the region where the graft was performed were evaluated under a light microscope by staining them with the Hematoxilen-Eosin (HE) and Crossman triple stain method. The results of the adhesion scale were evaluated nonparametrically and statistical calculations were performed with the KruskalWallis test. No statistical difference was found between the groups (P>0.05). The results of histopathological examination revealed that the tissue which covered the graft in all of the groups was fibrous tissue. However, it was determined that the fibrosis was weaker in the DMSO group than it was in the SF-DMSO, SF and S groups. In the end, it was concluded that synovial fluid is effective in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rabbits in light of both relaparotomic, macroscopic findings and histopathological findings.

SummaryHuman and veterinary scientific researchers widely use rats as experimental animals. The rat nerves conduction studies are used for investigations of neural tissue injury, neural regeneration, peripheral neuropathies etc. in experimental models. Nerve conduction studies on animals do not follow strict rules, as studies in humans. Various methods and lack of the single recognized technique of nerve conduction study on the animals often lead to difficulties in the interpretation and comparison of the results of similar studies. In the present study, we have described the minimally invasive motor nerve conduction study on the rat sciatic and tail nerves. Electrophysiological examination including nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential amplitudes measurements were performed on six normal growing male adult Wistar Albino rats. The mean motor nerve conduction velocity of the sciatic nerves was 58.90±5.07 m/s and of the tail nerves was 40.23±2.39 m/s. The mean compound muscle action potential amplitudes of the sciatic and tail nerves were 17.91±6.75 mV and 1.89±0.49 mV, respectively. Similar results of previous in vitro and in vivo studies prove the objectivity and reliability of our nerve conduction technique by bipolar needle electrodes on the non-exposed nerves. Keywords: Nerve conduction study, Sciatic nerve, Tail nerves, Rat Rat Siyatik ve Kuyruk Motor Sinirlerinin Minimal İnvaziv İletim Çalışması ÖzetBeşeri ve veteriner bilimsel araştırmacılar, ratları deneysel hayvan olarak yaygınca kullanmaktadırlar. Rat sinir iletim çalışmaları sinir dokusu hasarı, sinir rejenerasyonu, periferik nöropati ve buna benzer deneysel araştırma modellerinde kullanılmaktadır. Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan sinir iletim çalışmaları, insan çalışmalarından farklı olarak, katı kurallara uymaz. Hayvanlarda sinir iletim çalışmalarının çeşitli yöntemleri ve tek tanınan tekniğin olmayışı benzer çalışmaların sonuçlarının yorumlanmasında ve kıyaslanmasında zorluklara yol açar. Çalışmamızın amacı, rat siyatik ve kuyruk motor sinirlerinin minimal girişimsel iletim çalışma yöntemlerini tanımlamaktır. Altı erkek erişkin Wistar Albino ratın sinir iletim hızları ile bileşik kas aksiyon potansiyelleri ölçümlerini içeren elektrofizyolojik incelemesi yapıldı. Ortalama motor sinir iletim hızları siyatik sinirlerde 58.90±5.07 m/sn ve kuyruk sinirlerinde 40.23±2.39 m/sn idi. Siyatik ve kuyruk sinirlerin ortalama bileşik kas aksiyon potansiyellerinin genliği sırasıyla 17.91±6.75 mV ve 1.89±0.49 mV idi. Bipolar iğne elektrotlar ile ve sinir ekspozisyonu yapılmadan uyguladığımız bu sinir iletim tekniğimizin sonuçlarının daha önceki in vitro ve in vivo çalışmaların sonuçları ile benzerlik göstermesi bu tekniğinin objektiflik ve güvenilirliğini desteklemektedir.

Congenital tarsal instability because of laxity of the fibularis musculotendoninous unit is described and surgical treatment directed at shortening the tendon shows promising results.