Rabies is an avertable viral disease caused by the rabid animal to the warm blooded animals (zoonotic) especially human. Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. According to an estimation by WHO, almost 55,000 people die because of rabies every year. The Dogs are the major reason behind this, approximately 99% human deaths caused by dog's bites. Developing and under developing countries, both are the victims of rabies. With the post-exposure preventive regimes, 327,000 people can prevent this disease annually.The current article mainly covers the genome, virology, symptoms, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and the high risk countries around the globe.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus) causes (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) AIDS, in which the immune system of body totally fails to develop any defense against the foreign invaders. Infection with HIV occurs by transfer of blood, semen, and breast milk. HIV/AIDS is a global problem and it results nearly 25 million deaths worldwide. Developing countries like Pakistan have issues regarding Public Health. Currently, epidemic of HIV/AIDS is established in Pakistan and there is a threat of an expanded HIV/AIDS outbreak in the country. The major reason is that population is engaging in high-risk practices, low awareness about HIV/AIDS, and treacherous blood transfusion practices. A supplementary threat to Pakistan is India because both sharing a border and India is facing a rapidly growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Local NGOs, National and International organizations are warning that in near future Pakistan may experiences bad situation regarding HIV/AIDS.In the present article we focused current situation of surveillance of HIV/AIDS, its virology, genotype, diagnostics, high-risk groups, reasons of vulnerability in Pakistani population, and the role of different national and international organizations in this situation.
Purpose
This paper includes regional, behavioral and biological issues of men that lead them to high mortality rate in Pakistan. The study was design to factories the major cause of gender inequality of infection. This study focused on regional, behavioral and biological issues of men that lead to high mortality rate.
Design/methodology/approach
The statistical datum was collected from the official fact finding documents of Government of Pakistan to analyze the gender-based infection rate and mortality count. It was found that among the population of men in Pakistan, the mortality rate is very high.
Findings
The epidemiological studies are more threatening because mostly the population which is under real panic comprises older men.
Originality/value
The author declares that all the data was collected from the most authentic source and applied according to their background and biological, behavioral and logical knowledge.
Oyster mushrooms are the best known due to their nutritional value and medicinal properties. In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on pretreated lignocellulosic agricultural wastes comprising of corn cobs, rice straw and ground nut shells. Agricultural waste conserves finite phosphate resources and embedded energy from industrial nitrogen fixation. It is also a way of sustainable food production. A dense white mass of mushroom mycelium colonized the substrate within 17 days of incubation at 300C in dark phase. Subsequently, massive fructification appeared within 50 to 60 days in light phase after spawning. The study was further extended to repeated-harvest and maximum average yield of mushroom obtained was 197.8 g/Kg of dried corn cobs, followed by rice straw and ground nut shells. The yield was drastically reduced after third harvest and not noteworthy, which might be attributed to the exhaustion of nutritional constituents of substrates available for growing mushroom.
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