Nitric oxide (NO) has received much attention since it can boost plant defense mechanisms, and plenty of studies have shown that exogenous NO improves salinity tolerance in plants. However, because of the wide range of experimental settings, it is difficult to assess the administration of optimal dosages, frequency, timing, and method of application and the overall favorable effects of NO on growth and yield improvements. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to reveal the exact physiological and biochemical mechanisms and to understand the influence of plant-related or method-related factors on NO-mediated salt tolerance. Exogenous application of NO significantly influenced biomass accumulation, growth, and yield irrespective of salinity stress. According to this analysis, seed priming and foliar pre-treatment were the most effective methods of NO application to plants. Moreover, one-time and regular intervals of NO treatment were more beneficial for plant growth. The optimum concentration of NO ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 mM, and it alleviates salinity stress up to 150 mM NaCl. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of NO treatment was more pronounced as salinity stress was prolonged (>21 days). This meta-analysis showed that NO supplementation was significantly applicable at germination and seedling stages. Interestingly, exogenous NO treatment boosted plant growth most efficiently in dicots. This meta-analysis showed that exogenous NO alleviates salt-induced oxidative damage and improves plant growth and yield potential by regulating osmotic balance, mineral homeostasis, photosynthetic machinery, the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, and the antioxidant defense mechanism. Our analysis pointed out several research gaps, such as lipid metabolism regulation, reproductive stage performance, C4 plant responses, field-level yield impact, and economic profitability of farmers in response to exogenous NO, which need to be evaluated in the subsequent investigation.
In the current scenario, the rising concentration of heavy metals (HMs) due to anthropogenic activities is a severe problem. Plants are very much affected by HM pollution as well as other abiotic stress such as salinity and drought. It is very important to fulfil the nutritional demands of an ever-growing population in these adverse environmental conditions and/or stresses. Remediation of HM in contaminated soil is executed through physical and chemical processes which are costly, time-consuming, and non-sustainable. The application of nanobionics in crop resilience with enhanced stress tolerance may be the safe and sustainable strategy to increase crop yield. Thus, this review emphasizes the impact of nanobionics on the physiological traits and growth indices of plants. Major concerns and stress tolerance associated with the use of nanobionics are also deliberated concisely. The nanobionic approach to plant physiological traits and stress tolerance would lead to an epoch of plant research at the frontier of nanotechnology and plant biology.
Agricultural products cause the emission of certain significant amount of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is one of the most important greenhouse gases and its emissions are increasing day by day as a result of the increase in agricultural productivity. This study aims to pinpoint the most environmentally friendly crops and fruits that are sources of good nutrients and emits less CO<sub>2</sub> throughout their life cycles. Relation between nutrient availability and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from staple foods namely; wheat, maize, rice, potato, sugarcane, sugar beet, soybean, palm oil, sunflower, rapeseed, banana, apple and grape are investigated in this study. Secondary data was collected from dataset’s website. Spearman's rank and diagram interpretation technique are used to find out the correlation between nutrient availability and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Among carbohydrate diets, rice emits 4 kg CO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup> of crops, which is significantly higher than that of wheat, maize and potato. However, the amount of carbohydrates in rice (0.26%) is less than those carbohydrate diets. Similarly, sugarcane emits more CO<sub>2</sub> as 2.6 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> of crops than sugar beet (1.4 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> of crops) among sugar crops. Soybean and palm oil emit more CO<sub>2</sub> as 6 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> and 7.2 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> of crops, respectively, as compared to other oilseed crops, but every oilseed crop has the same food value. Among fruits, bananas emit less CO<sub>2</sub> (1.1 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> of crops) and have a higher content of carbohydrates (0.23%) than other selected fruits. Proper crop selection based on nutrient content can lead to lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions than at present and a consistent balance between environmental and nutritional needs in the future.
Soil salinity is one of the main barriers to increasing global food production as it reduces crop growth and productivity. While irrigated lands in arid climates (about 20% of total affected) are more prone to salinization, many other natural and anthropogenic factors contribute to an increase in salinity in arable lands that currently affects over 100 countries and more than one billion ha. Management of agro-ecosystems at every level, including soil, water, and the plant itself, is important in mitigating the effects of salinity. Plant hormones control cellular metabolism, and mediate plant defense response mechanisms against abiotic and biotic stresses. Foliar fertigation with plant growth regulators has been shown to improve growth and metabolism under stress conditions. Strigolactones (SLs) have emerged as a group of novel phytohormones with several functions in plant interactions with microorganisms, plant metabolism, development, and in responding to many environmental cues. The present research addressed SL (GR24) effects on growth, photosynthetic parameters, and oxidative stress in Solanum lycopersicum under salinity stress. Growth indices, photosynthesis and related attributes, antioxidant enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation) and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were compared in unstressed and salt-stressed (NaCl; 150 mM) S. lycopersicum seedlings untreated or treated with GR24 (2 µM). Improved antioxidant enzyme activity, proline (8%) and protein (14%) contents, and photosynthetic (33%) and transpiration (34%) parameters under GR24 treatment result in a significant increase in plant growth parameters, viz., shoot length (29%), root length (21%), shoot fresh weight (31%), root fresh weight (23%), shoot dry weight (26%), and root dry weight (19%). Increased chlorophyll index (14%) and stomatal conductance (16%) in GR24-applied plants under salinity stress results in improved growth and photosynthetic efficiency of S. lycopersicum. Our results add to the existing knowledge of the relatively new function of SLs in mitigating abiotic stress, particularly that of salinity stress in crop plants.
β-cyclocitral (βCC), a main apocarotenoid of β-carotene, increases plants’ resistance against stresses. It has recently appeared as a novel bioactive composite in a variety of organisms from plants to animals. In plants, βCC marked as stress signals that accrue under adverse ecological conditions. βCC regulates nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress tolerance. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the recent findings of the potential role of βCC. We emphasize the βCC biosynthesis, signaling, and involvement in the regulation of abiotic stresses. From this review, it is clear that discussing compound has great potential against abiotic stress tolerance and be used as photosynthetic rate enhancer. In conclusion, this review establishes a significant reference base for future research.
Aging and aging‐related chronic disorders are one of the principal causes of death worldwide. The prevalence of these disorders is increasing gradually and globally. Considering this unwavering acceleration of the global burden, seeking alternatives to traditional medication to prevent the risk of aging disorders is needed. Among them, lycopene, a carotenoid, is abundant in many fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, grapefruits, and watermelons, and it has a unique chemical structure to be a potent antioxidant compound. This nutraceutical also possesses several anti‐aging actions, including combating aging biomarkers and ameliorating several chronic disorders. However, no systematic evaluation has yet been carried out that can comprehensively elucidate the effectiveness of lycopene in halting the course of aging and the emergence of chronic diseases linked to aging. This review, therefore, incorporates previous pre‐clinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on lycopene to understand its potency in treating aging disorders and its role as a mimic of caloric restriction. Lycopene‐rich foods are found to prevent or attenuate aging disorders in various research. Based on the evidence, this review suggests the clinical application of lycopene to improve human health and alleviate the prevalence of aging and aging disorders.
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