This study investigates the level of social interaction, its determinants and influence on the instructors’ motivation and work efficiency in an online university in Pakistan. Exploratory case study design has been used for this purpose. Data was gathered through participant observations and one-to-one interviews. Ten interviews were conducted from instructors belonging to four different departments. Observations were carried out for a period of one month. The study revealed that in the online university, level of social interaction was lower than a traditional one. Instructors pointed out various reasons behind it including high workload, seating arrangements, and attitude of some of the heads. Even when they had free time and opportunities, most of the them preferred browsing through the internet or chatting with their fellows through computers. It appeared that the online culture and intense human-computer interaction had made them addicted to machines. Almost all the instructors agreed that higher and better level of social interaction would improve their job motivation, work efficiency and institutional attachment. They suggested more relaxed environment, trips and social gathering, workshops and conferences involving all the departments, sports week for the faculty members, and facilities like canteen and staffroom for improved social interaction and work experience.

This study is designed to investigate perceptions of teachers and students about caring behavior of teachers. The purpose of the study is to gain better understanding about factors that play a role in the development of teachers’ caring behavior and teacher-student caring relationship. A scale employed by King and Chan (2011) has been adopted for this purpose. The revised scale consists of four main factors (Sense of Respect and Trust, Interpersonal Relationships, Academic Support, and Classroom Management), and twenty two items. Data were collected from 403 grade 9 students and 156 secondary school teachers who belonged to seven public secondary schools in Lahore. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study revealed that both the teachers and students gave great importance to the teachers’ caring behavior. They agreed to the top two factors i.e. Sense of Respect and Trust, and Classroom Management. The opinions differed about the priority of the other two i.e. Interpersonal Relationships and Academic Support. When it came to individual items, the differences were more prominent as four out of top five items were different. There were no statistically significant differences based on teachers’ gender and education level, but their experience made a difference with less experienced teachers showing more inclination towards caring behavior. The study recommends the teachers to develop a culture of respect and care in the classroom by showing respect to the students, developing a culture of greetings, calling them with their proper names, appreciating good behavior, and involving them in decision making. Keywords: caring behavior, teacher behavior, classroom environment, teacher-student relationships

Aim: Medical student’s outlook about implementation of E-Learning in Covid-19 Methodology: A cross-sectional study was at Quiad-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur on undergraduate medical students from March 2021 to August 2021. Self-administered online questionnaire was used to obtain the perception of medical students about E-learning, effects of this pandemic on medical education and implementation problems of E-learning in Pakistan. E mail and other electronic social media including Face Book, WhatsApp and Instragram were availed to broadcast the questionnaire. Results: Out of 218 respondents, the majority (71.9%) agreed the closure decision of college to prevent the lives from rapid spread of pandemic. 64% students considered E-Learning best available solution during lockdown. E-Learning initiative has a close connection with the residence and opinion regarding this program. Students faced limited connection and bandwidth, new and unfamiliar process of learning, limited technical help, inflexible time despite problems in connection during online examination and unavailable advantage of face to face learning facilities. Conclusion: Majority of students took E-learning positively. But it becomes challenging due to unavailability of essential required electric technology for students. Key words: E learing, medical students, covid-19

The study examined transmission dynamics of COVID-19 with conventional modelling approach. We developed a mathematical model for COVID-19 pandemic as SEQIR where I, the infected compartment is partitioned in to  and for reported and unreported group of infected individuals. Basic reproduction number has been obtained and the stability analysis was carried out. The results revealed that the disease may die out in time