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BACKGROUND:Circulus arteriosus cerebri is the main source of blood supply to the brain; it connects the left and right hemispheres with anterior and posterior parts. Located at the interpenducular fossa at the base of the brain the circle of Willis is the most important source of collateral circulation in the presence of the disease in the carotid or vertebral artery.AIM:The purpose of the research is to study the diameter and length of arteries and provide an important source of reference on Kosovo’s population. METHODS:This is an observative descriptive study performed at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo. A randomised sample of 133 angiographic examinations in adult patients of both sexes who were instructed to exploration is included.RESULTS:The diameters and lengths measured in our study were comparable with other brain-cadaver studies especially those performed by MRA. All dimensions of the arteries are larger in male than female, except the diameter of PCoA that is larger in female (p < 0.05) and length of the ACoA (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in diameters of arteries between the younger and the older age groups.CONCLUSION:Knowing the dimensions of the arteries of the circle of Willis has a great importance in interventional radiology as well as during anatomy lessons.

BACKGROUND:One of the main factors affecting male infertility is DNA fragmentation in sperm. Male infertility is a heterogeneous group of disorders, known causes account for only 30-50%, and unknown cause (idiopathic) constitute the rest. Infertility involves nearly 15% of couples in the reproductive age, and only the male problem involves about 40% of the problems.AIM:We have studied our DNA damage to sperm cells of a group of infertile males (113 patients) with abnormal sperm parameters (oligoasthenospermia and oligospermia) and a group of male patients (80 patients) with normal semen parameters (normospermia) to document whether the Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) analysis could increase the information obtained from the sperm routine analysis to explain the causes of infertility.MATERIALS:A group of 193 patients were analysed, 113 patients in the working group and 80 patients in the control group were screened. The ejaculate samples were taken by the patient to whom the reason for the analysis was explained. All patients were from the Republic of Kosovo. Samples are collected from 2014/2018. Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) analyses in the ejaculate were analysed by the Biolab Zafi laboratory in Peja.RESULTS:Clinical data were compared between the two groups by one-way ANOVA, mean ± SD, student’s t-test. A p-value of less than P < 0.05% was considered statistically significant. Outcomes: In our study, we have gained significant (P < 0.05) results in the workgroup and the control group across all hormonal parameters, sperm parameters, and fragmented DNA in the sperm.CONCLUSION:Based on our obtained results we can conclude that DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa is useful in the selection of unsuitable DNA sperm for use in ART methods. We conclude that our DNA fragmentation analysis results are encouraging and can be used for diagnostic purposes in determining male infertility.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate different anatomic variations and dimensions of anterior part of the circle of Willis (CW) and their prevalence on Kosovo's population. Materials and methods: This is an observational descriptive and retrospective study performed at the University Clinical Centre, Clinic of Radiology. The three-dimensional time-of-flight technique was used for magnetic resonance angiography imaging to evaluate the anatomy of the CW in 513 adults without clinical manifestations for cerebrovascular disease. The diameters of arteries of the CW were measured and variations were recorded. Results: The complete anterior part of CW was found in 64.3% of cases, more evident in female at about 66% than male 62.2%. Morphologic variations of the ACA1 are agenesis or hypoplasia in 5.65%, fusion of the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) on a short distance in 6.5% and fusion of the ACA on a long distance in 2.5%, median ACA is presented in 11 examined patients or 2.1%. Normal anterior communicating artery (ACoA) was seen in 68.2%, hypoplasia or absence 15.66%, double ACoA in 0.6% and fenestrations in 3.89%. The mean calibrations of the vessels were measured as 2.04 mm in right A1, 2.06 mm in left A1 and 1.16 mm of ACoA. While, 14.1 mm length of right A1, 13.87 mm of left A1 and 2.99 mm of ACoA. Conclusions: Knowledge of the variations and diameter of the anterior part of the CW has a great importance in determination of anatomical variations and diameter in general populations, also, in interventional radiology for various endovascular interventions as well as during anatomy lessons.