Introduction: More than 5,000 years ago, yoga journey begun in India as an ancient science of holistic health and care system 1 and proposed numerous practical healing techniques such as Pranayama (pran = vital energy, ayam = flow) or breath control for pranic well being. The concept of pranayama was developed based on four major Indian text books of yoga viz; Patanjali Yog-Darshana 2 , Gheranda Samhita 3 , Hatha yoga pradipika 4 , Shiv Samhita 5. The core concept of pranayama was explained in Patanjali Yog-Darshana 6 , the pranayama conept is explained in the form of three verses; "tasmin sati shvasa prashvsayoh gati vichchhedah pranayamah" (control of inhalation-exhalation breathing cycle is pranayama). "Bahya abhyantara stambha vrittih desha kala sankhyabhih paridrishtah dirgha sukshmah" (inhalation-exhalation and retention with time as a control factor). "Bahya abhyantara vishaya akshepi chaturthah" (holding the breath cycle steadily). Gheranda samhita 3, 7 declares pranayama concept in the form of
The background idea on yoga personal observance is given in the form of an aphorism in astanga yoga (eight limbed yoga). The concept on yoga personal observance scale (YPOS) is developed based on yoga books. The purpose of this paper is to develop a yoga personal observance scale using confirmatory factor analysis. A psychometric analysis of cronbach alpha, validity, reliability, correlation factor loadings, factor extraction from a uni-diagonal matrix, reduced items, fitness indices etc. We used SPSS and AMOS version 25 exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to develop YPOS. To test the scale, we randomly selected 1,304 participants from general populations of Bhopal city, India. The developed 28-item five factor YPOS comprised standardized regression coefficients with 58.46% variance with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.76. The results of three different model Fitness categories of indexes with construct, convergent, concurrent validity were also analyzed and found to be acceptable. There is a scope for further research development in each of the eight limbed yoga practices.
IBM computers has enhanced the problem of addiction more all world over, little known about the effect of internet. Internet user base in India is expected to reach between 450-465 million by June 2017, up from 432 million on December 2016 2, with over 460 million internet users, India is the second largest online market, ranked only behind China. By 2021 2 , we expect an equal number of internet addicts in India. "Technological addiction can happen to
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