Abstract-This paper presents the first year (2014) performance analysis of a 276 kWp grid-connected roof-type solar PV plant located at the campus of Al-Ahliyya Amman University in Jordan, using monitored data. The plant is installed on 3000 m2-roof of Arena building at the University campus. The array consists of 1176 modules with two orientations 10° and 15°. The PV array is configured in a way that the system includes 14 panels in parallel with 14 inverters. The plant is equipped with a monitoring system which is connected to the internet and gives the data on a daily basis. The study shows that the actual and estimated specific energy productions are 1639kWh/kWp-year, and 1726 kWh/kWp-year, respectively. The annual capacity factor and performance ratio are found to be 18.7% and 87.5%, respectively. The actual energy production is found to be 452406 kWh/year, whereas the estimated annual energy production is found to be 476467 kWh as calculated using the software PVsyst V6.32. The measured and estimated yields are in close agreement to each other with a relative error of about 5%. It is found that the maximum actual yields in July and minimum in January. Compared to PV plants worldwide, and particularly in detail to a PV plant in Syria, the analysed plant (the AAU plant) has an excellent overall performance.
Ampferer-type subduction is a term that refers to the foundering of hyper-extended continental or embryonic oceanic basins (i.e., ocean-continent transitions) at passive continental margins. The lithospheric mantle underlying these rift basins is mechanically weaker, less dense, and more fertile than the lithospheric mantle underlying bounded continents. Therefore, orogens resulting from the closure of a narrow, immature extensional system are essentially controlled by mechanical processes without significant thermal and lithologic changes. Self-consistent, spontaneous subduction initiation (SI) due to the density contrast between the lithosphere and the crust of ocean-continent transitions is unlikely to occur. Additional far-field external horizontal forces are generally required for the SI. When the lithosphere subducts, the upper crust or serpentinized mantle and sediments separate from the lower crust, which becomes accreted to the orogen, while the lower crust subducts into the asthenosphere. Subduction of the lower crust, which typically consists of dry lithologies, does not allow significant flux-melting within the mantle wedge, so arc magmatism does not occur. As a result of melting inhibition within the mantle wedge during Ampferer-type subduction zones, the mantle beneath the resulting orogenic belts is fertile and thus has a high potential for magma generation during a subsequent breakup (i.e., magma-rich collapse).
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