The study was carried out to evaluate the impact of seasonal variations on the hematological responses of goats in Malaysia. Fifty-two goats (24 bucks and 28 does), aged between 1 to 2 years old were used in the study. The goats were fed on commercial concentrate and forage, access to mineral salt and water was ad libitum. Blood samples were obtained from each goat in January, May and September to analyze hematology blood constitute during the study. The results showed that red blood cell (RBC) levels in Anglo-Nubian females rose dramatically in January and May while the Saanen breed remains without diversity. In all seasons, high hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of Anglo-Nubian males was unlike Saanen breed. For Saanen females, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased significant-ly, whereas in Saanen males, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) were increased. High packed cell volume (PCV) concentration of Anglo females compared to others during September. In conclusion, variations in breed and sex of goats reflect the distinct ability of trop-ical changes that have been formed during seasonal effects on hematological responses between the two breeds of goats.
A number of 26 phages lytic for 26 isolates of V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, Serotype Inaba are isolated from sewage water. The phage isolates showed host range of 35-65% against V. cholerae O1 by spot lysis methods. The morphological properties of plaques formed on the top agarose are studied and showed that most virulent phages had larger diameter (in millimeter) with regular or irregular margin cut and clear plaque comparing with smaller diameter and turbid plaque for those less virulent phages. A total of 8 phages are selected for formulation the phage cocktail in order to extend the host-range of phages in cocktail collectively. The %inhibition assay for every single phage of the 8 phages selected for formulation of phage cocktail ranged from 0-75, whereas that of the 8 phages cocktail was 100%inhibition against all V. cholerae O1 isolates. The formulation of the 8 phages in a cocktail proved to an effective approach to achieve the broad host-range activity towards V. cholerae O1 isolates and made it possible to go forwards the animal model for further studies on phage therapy for animal model of cholera.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections, with a frequency of 50%-60% in mature females [1] Urinary tract infections could be uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated UTIs affects individuals with no neurological or structural deformities in urinary tract. Uncomplicated UTIs could be separated into infection of lower UTIs (cystitis) and upper UTIs (Pyelonephritis) [2]. Underlying factor for cystitis are gender, former UTI infection, genetic susceptibility, vaginal infection, sexual activeness, overweight and diabetes [3], whereas uncomplicated UTIs arises from presence of factors debilitates host immune defenses including renal transplantation, renal failure, urine retention due to neurological disorders, immunosuppression, presence of foreign bodies with urinary tract like indwelling catheters [4]. In the United states, the indwelling catheters results in 70-80% of complicated UTIs [5] with a total of one million cases per year [6]. Etiology of UTIs includes Gram-negative , gram-positive and fungi. Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC) is the most common bacterial of all types of UTIs. In the cases of Uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in frequency by K. pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. [7], whereas in complicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in frequency by Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS [8]. The emergence and exacerbation of the bacterial drug resistance problem, beside other problems of antibiotic therapy as the adverse effects of hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity , ototoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; immunosuppression; eradication of benefi cial gut and mucosal surfaces fl ora and allergic reactions [9], made most of antibiotics worthless in treatment of many cases of UTIs and directed global attention towards fi nding new therapeutic alternatives. Herbal medicine is the most important alternative therapy for classical antibiotics. Scientifi c research on herbal medicine confi rmed the therapeutic activity of vast majority of medicinal plants known in traditional medicine of different areas worldwide for their activity in treatment microbial infections and different human diseases [10,11].
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