Introduction:Using opioid for recreational purposes has a very long history in Iran. Social influence is a useful framework in understanding how the social environment affects the individual's behavioral choices to use drugs.Objectives:This study aimed to compare coping styles between opioid dependent and healthy controls.Methods:This study compared opioid dependent individuals entering methadone maintenance treatment program (n=150) with healthy controls (n= 225) on measures of coping strategies with Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) and some socioeconomic factors. JCS consists of 40 coping behaviors, 15 problem focused and 25 affective focused items. Analysis of variances (ANOVA), multivariate linear regression and binary logistic regression were conducted.Results:Compared to controls, opioid dependent subjects reported less use of problem focused coping (P = 0.04). Control group were significantly more single than opioid dependent group (76.4% versus 23.6%; P = 0.01). There was a significant relation between opioid dependence with cigarette smoking (P < 0.001), lower education (P = 0.006), being employed (P < 0.001), having children (P < 0.001). Also, cigarette smokers had a significantly lower problem focused coping scale in comparing with non smokers in general (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Opioid dependent subjects showed more vulnerable toward the stresses of life such as marriage, having children and a job. Educational programs to improve problem solving and coping skills can be helpful to reduce the rate of dependency to opioid and cigarette.
Introduction: Headache is one the most common nuisances known to men. About 65% of patients seen in headache clinics suffer from migraine, 25% from tension type headache and about 10% from other types of headaches. Most people experience mood and behavior changes as accompanying feature during a headache attack.
Introduction: Addiction (drug dependence) is a health problem in many countries. In Iran, drug addiction is one of the most important preventable health problems. Comorbidity of drug abuse with other disorders is a barrier to treatment of addicts, in a way that more than 70% of addicts suffer from mental and physical disorders. Therefore, we performed this comparative study to investigate the comorbidity of mental disorders in drug addicts and non-addicts referred to the addiction rehab center of 5 th Azar Hospital in Gorgan, in 2016. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 130 male drug addicts and 130 male healthy controls selected by available sampling. Structured interviews for drug dependence testing (based on the DSM-V-TR criteria) and the symptom checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to assess the mental status of the subjects. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16) using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chisquare and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The significance level for all comparisons was set at P <0.05. Validity and reliability of the material were assessed in a pilot study. Results: Drug addicts scored higher in all scales related to mental disorders compared with the control group. The frequency of symptoms including somatization (56.9%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (61.5%), interpersonal sensitivity (62.3%), depression (66.2%), anxiety (59.2%), hostility (42.3%), phobia (34.5%), paranoid ideation (62.6%), and psychoticism (56.9%) was higher in drug addicts. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the frequency of psychopathological symptoms and mental disorders is significantly higher in drug addicts compared with the normal population.
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