Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. The prognosis and treatment of breast cancer depend largely on various prognostic factors, including tumour grade, hormone receptor status, and HER2/neu overexpression. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the impact of evaluation of tumour grade by core needle biopsy on clinical risk assessment and patient selection for adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in Services Hospital, Lahore during January 2020 to January 2021. The study participants were women with breast cancer who underwent core needle biopsy for tumour grade evaluation at a single institution during the study period. Results: Of the 70 patients included in the study, the mean age was 58 years (range, 32-85 years), and the majority were postmenopausal (60%). Most patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (85%), and the remainder had invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (15%). Most patients had stage II (45%) or stage III (35%) breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. All patients underwent core needle biopsy for tumour grade evaluation. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study supports the use of core needle biopsy as a reliable method for evaluating tumour grade in breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients who are treated based on tumour grade assessed by core needle biopsy.
This research work examines the level of the integration of equity markets of both oil importer and exporter countries based on impact of change in oil price attained by using the daily stock index data and oil price. The sample comprised of three oil importer countries Pakistan, India and Bangladesh along with three oil exporter countries Saudi Arab, Oman and UAE. For the purpose of analysis, the econometric technique mean and volatility spillover (ARMA 1, 1 and GARCH in Mean) is used. This investigation continues in two steps. First, is the impact of the economic shock in the prices of oil on returns of equity markets of both oil importer and exporter countries is studied and in the next step the impact of the same shock affecting the volatility of equity market of the sample countries is measured. The mean spillover impact from the variation in the oil price is constructive for oil importer and oil exporter countries both except for India. Volatility spillover impact is negative and significant for two oil importing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and two oil exporting countries e.g. Saudi Arab and UAE but positive for Oman and India, one oil importing and one oil exporting country. The negative correlation among the variation in the oil price and equity returns of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arab and UAE indicate the presence of portfolio divergence opportunities for foreign stockholders and portfolio executives. India, the only country for which the equity returns and their volatility are not under the influence of the change in the oil rate. Finally it is concluded that prices of oil are the cause of mean and volatility spillover in the Arab countries more significant than in subcontinent countries. The practical implication, limitations as well as directions for future research are discoursed later in this research article.
Objective: To determine the frequency of malnutrition among pre-dialysis patients of chronic kidney disease presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at Nephrology department, Jinnah hospital, Lahore during the year 2019, we enrolled a total of 200 pre dialysis patients of both gender presenting with chronic kidney disease. In All patients underwent measurement of weight in kilogram using digital weighing machine while height was measured by measuring scale with precision of 1mm using standard protocol. BMI was calculated, and all findings were recorded. Results: Age range in this study was from 20 to 80 years with mean age of 47.605±8.34 years. Male gender was dominant in this study with 73% patients as compare to 27% females. Malnutrition among pre-dialysis patients was seen in 46% patients. Conclusion: Pre-dialysis CKD patients frequently experience malnutrition. Malnutrition rates rise with both age and declining renal function. These patients require frequent and early evaluations of their nutritional status. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Pre-dialysis, Malnutrition
Introduction: Oral health is considered as being free from any kind of oraldisease. Objectives: To explore the LAYMAN’S PERSPECTIVE regarding oral health, hisawareness about oral diseases. To examine their attitude and beliefs regarding the maintenanceof oral health. Study Design: We conducted mixed study on educated and uneducated people.Study Period: 01 May, 2016 to 01 May, 2017 Study Place: Punjab dental hospital, Lahore.Material & Methods: Qualitative method was used to collect knowledge and perspective ofuneducated people. Quantitative method was used to collect data from educated people. Weinterviewed uneducated people in differenst places of Lahore and questionnaires were filled byeducated people. Results: 58% of educated people and majority of uneducated people thinkthey should visit dentist only at the time of need. 73% educated people said bleeding gumsare indicative of oral disease, while majority of uneducated people said it does not indicateoral disease. Educated people were somewhat more aware of oral health and oral diseasewhile uneducated people were unaware of even maintenance of oral health and its importance.Conclusion: Education makes the difference. Educated people have more awareness aboutoral health. Still awareness is needed a lot.
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