Background In recent years sport climbing is increasing in popularity, due to the improvements of climbing facilities. This sport has a spectrum of associated injuries which involve most frequently overuse injuries of the hand and the finger. Objective To determine the incidence of climbing related injuries in Dutch recreational climbers and to identify possible risk factors that are associated with these injuries. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Indoor climbing halls. Participants 426 recreational climbers in four different climbing halls were recruited. Assessment of risk factors All climbers filled in a baseline questionnaire including potential risk factors such as age, gender, body mass index, education level, finger strength, climbing level/experience/time, main climbing activity, earlier injury, training with campus board, performing warming-up/cooling down and other sport activities. Finger strength was measured with the DIGITSgrip. A physical examination was performed to examine the shoulders, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers. Main outcome measurements Follow-up questionnaires were sent to all climbers at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months follow-up and reported on new injuries occurred due to climbing. Results A total of 178 (41.8%) climbers reported a new injury during the 1-year follow-up period. Fingers were the most reported injuries, followed by the elbow and shoulder. A climbing level >6a, climbing more than 40 h per 3 months, bouldering and those who train with a campus board and perform warming-up and cooling-down exercises are univariately associated with a higher injury risk. Only a climbing level >6a (OR 2.00, 95%CI 1.25 to 3.19) remained in the multivariate regression model as being associated with climbing injuries. Conclusion Climbing injuries of the upper body extremities in Dutch recreational climbers are very frequent. The most common site of an injury is the finger. A climbing level >6a is a risk factor for climbing injuries in this recreational climbing population.
IntroductionTerrorism and violent extremism are major social threats worldwide and are committed not only by men but also by women. Previous research has shown indications of psychopathology, among other personal and contextual factors, as a potential risk factor for perpetrating terrorist and violent extremist crimes. Despite the fact that women have engaged in acts of terrorism and violent extremism throughout history, the vast majority of literature on psychopathology so far has been mainly focused on men with terrorist and violent extremist behavior. As women's engagement in terrorism and violent extremism is increasing, and gender differences in psychopathology in offenders of terrorism or violent extremism may exist based on empirical evidence for such differences in offenders of violence, gender-informed research into psychopathology as a potential risk factor for offending is of pivotal importance for improving the effectiveness of counter-terrorism interventions. The present systematic review was designed to examine what empirical knowledge exists on the presence and potential contributing role of psychopathology in female perpetrators of terrorism or violent extremism.MethodsA literature search was conducted to identify primary source studies in PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts. ASReview as an artificial intelligence software was used to screen references.ResultsIn total, eight studies were included, of which only two studies distinguished prevalence rates and types of psychopathology separately for women, indicating personality disorder as most common. All four out of the eight studies that reported on the relationship between psychopathology and terrorism and violent extremism assumed psychopathology to be a contributing factor in engaging in terrorist or violent extremist acts. However, none of these four studies reported on potentially present female-specific mechanisms of the role of psychopathology in offenses.DiscussionThe present systematic review draws the striking conclusion that there is a lack of clearly described empirical studies on psychopathology in female perpetrators of terrorism and violent extremism and emphasizes the importance of more future empirically based inquiries on this topic by the forensic psychiatric field.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=275354, identifier: CRD42021275354.
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