Aim: To investigate the dissolution characteristics of extemporaneously prepared capsules containing hypromellose and paracetamol tablets. Method: Capsules of varying sizes containing paracetamol (powdered tablets) with varying amounts ofhypromellose ( 4-20% w/w) were extemporaneously prepared. Dissolution was investigated using a USP dissolution testing apparatus. Paracetamol dissolution was quantitated using UV absorption spectrophotometry. The impact ofhypromellose content, tablet excipients, capsule size, content weight and mixing methods were investigated. Results: Over a 4-hour period, paracetamol dissolution decreased with increasing hypromellose content. Paracetamol dissolution was I 00% from capsules containing 4% hypromellose and 52 ± 3% from capsules containing 20% hypromellose. Reformulated tablets with different formulations resulted in different dissolution rates. The dissolution rate was faster from small capsules and slower from capsules with a lower content weight. The method used to mix the powders also had a significant effect on the dissolution rate. Conclusion: Modified-release delivery systems can be extemporaneously prepared from reformulated tablets using hypromellose. Hypromellose content, tablet excipients, capsule size, content weight and mixing methods have an impact on the dissolution rate.

Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on donor site healing after vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue (VIP-CT) flap. Materials and methods For the present clinical study, the selected patients requiring VIP-CT flap were randomly assigned into either of the two treatment groups (VIP-CT/PRF and VIP-CT/LLLT). For VIP-CT/PRF, palatal donor site treated with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF, n = 15) after harvesting VIP-CT flap; and for VIP-CT/LLLT, palatal donor site treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT, n = 16) after harvesting VIP-CT flap. Results The mean thickness of palatal mucosa at surgical site was increased from 2.91 ± 0.65 to 2.93 ± 0.55 mm after 1 week and to 3.02 ± 0.55 mm after 12 weeks while in PRF-treated site, while in LLLT-treated sites, palatal mucosal thickness decreased after 1 week from 3.35 ± 0.56 mm to 1.83 ± 0.48 mm and then increase to 3.35 ± 0.55 mm after 12 weeks, and the mean difference was significantly higher for PRF-treated group compared to LLLT-treated group. In regard to contour, absence of hypertrophic tissue was observed in VIP-CT/LLLT compared with VIP-CT/PRF group (40% of patients, p = 0.003) at 4 weeks. “Absence” of pain and burning sensation were observed as early as at 1 week in LLLT-treated palatal donor sites compared to PRF-treated palatal donor site after VIP-CT. Improvement in post-surgical complications like ecchymosis, tissue necrosis, swelling, and infection were observed almost 100% at 4 weeks in both the groups. Conclusion Favourable clinical outcomes in terms of tissue thickness, consistency, color, contour, scar, pain, and burning sensation and patient comfort were obtained in both LLLT- and PRF-treated donor palatal sites at 12 weeks. Non-significant increase in tissue thickness was observed compared to baseline in PRF-treated donor sites at 12 weeks compared to LLLT-treated donor sites. Clinical significance Both low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using 940 nm wavelength and autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) can be utilized to enhance early wound healing and reduce the palatal donor site morbidity.

Slip flow of a Carreau nanofluid over a stretching sheet has been investigated. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects are taken into account. The Navier slip, thermal, and mass convective boundary conditions are taken into account. The prevailing partial differential equations are presented and transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differentials using scaling transformation. Effects of the physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are computed numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are calculated and discussed. The obtained results revealed that enhancing the slip parameter consequently drops the temperature and concentration profiles. Heat and mass flux at the surface decreases with increasing thermophoresis parameter. Heat transfer rate enhances while the mass transfer rate decreases with the thermal Biot number.

The huge growth of population in cities all over the world has forced countries to regulate and manage resources in these places. Therefore, urban waste management, fossil fuel conservation, affordable and resourceful healthcare systems, effective traffic management, government transparency, and other concerns plague the world’s main cities. These issues have prompted the creation of Sustainable Smart Cities, which are innovative, technology-based, and environmentally friendly urban areas. The sustainable smart cities deploy technologies specifically Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to keep an eye on the community and develop long-term, cost-effective solutions. Thus, for the effective implementation of sustainable smart cities, a stable, secure, inter-operable, and reliable telecommunication network is necessary to enable applications and services in metropolitan areas. Recent advancements in the areas of 5G, 6G, Block chain technology, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are anticipated for working and assisting the creation of sustainable smart cities. This chapter provides an introduction of the elements of sustainable smart cities, as well as an overview of how cities throughout the world have adopted them and projected trends for the next generation of sustainable smart cities.

Introduction: Extreme repeated use of the dental implant handpiece may cause aging of the handpiece through heat generation of the implant motor and affect its lifespan. We aim to conduct an in-vitro study on the impact of the torque after repeated use of the implant handpiece.  Materials and methods: Two types of implant handpiece systems NSK, and SAESHIN were applied. The output torque was calibrated using a digital torque gauge. The experiment was done under the setting torque value of 35 Ncm (implant placement torque) and 50 Ncm (overloading torque condition) and 30 times per set; a total of 5 sets were performed (N = 150). Results: NSK and SAESHIN implant handpieces depicted significant differences in output torque output at the setting torques of 35 Ncm and 50 Ncm (P <.001). The type of implant handpiece and repeated use influenced the output torque (P <.001). Conclusion: Notable changes were noted due to repeated use, and the implant handpiece should be achieved and repaired during long-term use. Moreover, for successful implant results in dental clinics, the output torque of the implant handpiece system should be checked before implant placement.