Income inequality is one of the main issues influencing various economic aspects of nations. Thus, the current study aims to examine the dynamic role of corruption, inflation and unemployment on income inequality. For this purpose, 15 years balance panel data from 2006 to 2020 of 12 developing Asian countries is collected from the transparency international and World Bank Indicators (WDI) databases. Moreover, GINI Index which is used to measure the income inequality is considered as a variable of interest that indicates income inequality whereas, interest rate, corruption, inflation and unemployment are selected as independent variables. The Random Effect Model (REM) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) are used to examine the relationship among the selected variables. The results reveal that corruption, inflation and unemployment have a significant positive relationship with the GINI index hence, are core factors that increase the income inequality level in developing Asian countries. The results help to guide policymakers while formulating the regulations to control income inequality by focusing more on corruption, inflation and unemployment factors.
Purpose: This study intends to determine whether family businesses empower women, encourage their entrepreneurship, and enable them to become fully engaged in activities that generate finances by allowing them to select their own business idea. Methodology: Empowering women is crucial for accelerating economic and financial progress. The question of the economic empowerment of women is of utmost importance to political philosophers, social scientists, and reformers because it is currently thought of as a sine qua non of progress for a nation. This study examines the relationship between women's financial empowerment, business, and the home using data from the 2017–18 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS). For this, we employed binary logistic regression. Findings: Women who are educated and have a job are more empowered than women who are not employed. Furthermore, economic and financial development cannot occur without the advancement of women. Women should be taught technical knowledge and marketing strategies and empowered to develop their skills to create more sustainable businesses. Contribution to literature: This study contributes to the literature in two ways: First, this study utilized the fertility variable which was not utilized in earlier studies. Second, this study identified the women empowerment factors by using four different indicators.
Conventional wisdom in women development generally supports the link between acceptance of unequal gender norms, which is reflective of their work participation rate, and income gaps. While this link is intuitive in the literature, the presumed impact beyond merely women empowerment, including women's socio-economic development, while lacking sufficient evidence for the case of FATA (Pakistan). This inhand study devolves on the factors which may have promising impact towards women empowerment, consisting upon a sample data of 962 female from secondary data sources i.e. PDHS 2017-18. The disaggregated results confirm that women in FATA are less benefited as compared to men, particularly when it comes to financial status; affecting their household decision-making and adding miseries to their socio-economic conditions. Not only that, but the persistent gender gap in this region also shares a prominent link with their age, education, exposure to media, fertility preference, and employment status. Lastly, the study scientifically concludes that access to education and employment is the only enabling factor to women's empowerment and achievement towards their socio-economic goals. On the same hand, above much depends on the attitude of the people towards gender equality, which may require intensive social reforms to change their behaviors.
This study examines the relationship between women's empowerment and reproductive choices among married Pakistani women aged 15 to 49. The study utilized the most recent Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 data. Four proxies were used to measure women's empowerment: spending on husbands' earnings, visits to family, major family purchases, and health care decisions. Health care choices and spending on the husband's salary are both greatly influenced by fertility. Binary logistic regression reveals a substantial and unfavorable link in connection with empowerment and the various education levels of children, males, and spouses. By focusing on this topic, this study can see beyond the constraints that currently exist in the relationship between women's empowerment and fertility preferences. The findings of this study suggest that female participation in the labor force is essential to preserving balanced reproduction and decision-making regarding the home.
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