Interpersonal hurts and violence against the individual have a high prevalence and are associated with a range of long-term problems in terms of psychological functioning. There is a growing body of research highlighting the role of forgiveness therapy in improving different aspects of psychological health in populations who have experienced diverse types of hurt, violence, or trauma. This article reports the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of process-based forgiveness interventions among samples of adolescents and adults who had experienced a range of sources of hurt or violence against them. Randomized controlled trials were retrieved using electronic databases and an examination of reference sections of previous reviews; each study was assessed for risk of bias. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess treatment effects. The results suggest that forgiveness interventions are effective in reducing depression (SMD = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.07]), anger and hostility (SMD = -0.49, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.22]), and stress and distress (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI [-0.91, -0.41]) and in promoting positive affect (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI [-0.52, -0.06]). There was also evidence of improvements in state (SMD = -0.55, 95% CI [-0.88, -0.21) and trait (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.20]) forgiveness. The findings provide moderately strong evidence to suggest that forgiving a variety of real-life interpersonal offenses can be effective in promoting different dimensions of mental well-being. Further research is, however, needed.
Over the last 20 years, increasing attention has been given to associations between dispositional forgiveness and specific mental health problems. However, few studies have assessed whether forgiving real-life interpersonal hurts may be related to diverse psychological health outcomes. The present study addresses this gap by investigating, in depth, relationships between perceptions about state forgiveness and a variety of mental wellbeing outcomes as well as exploring perceptions about the factors that may modify such effects. Developing an understanding of a forgiveness wellbeing relationship is of relevance to healthcare workers, researchers and policy makers with an interest in improving public health. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analysed using grounded theory methods. From England and Ireland, eleven adults who were affiliated with religious/spiritual and secular/atheist groups were recruited using purposive and convenience sampling methods. Key themes that appeared to be related to the effects of unforgiveness were: increases in negative affect; reduction in cognitive abilities and barriers to psychological and social growth. For the majority of participants, state forgiveness had strong ties to participants perceived sense of mental wellbeing, including reductions in negative affect, feeling positive emotions, positive relations with others, spiritual growth, a sense of meaning and purpose in life as well as a greater sense of empowerment. The data also revealed a number of factors that may positively or negatively influence a forgiveness–wellbeing link such as: viewing an offender as spiritually similar or different, responsibility/karma, blaming, wanting restitution/apology as well as practices such as meditation and prayer. The findings suggest that forgiving a range of real-life interpersonal offences may be an important determinant of psychological wellbeing, particularly among religious/spiritual populations. Further research is, however, needed.
Objectives: To assess the frequency of successful thrombolysis with streptokinase in patients presenting with ASTEMI within 12 hours of onset of chest pain. Methodology: This descriptive case series was conducted at cardiology department, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar during 6 months (from 16/12/2020 to 16/6/2021). In the current study a total of 340 patients were observed. Acute STEMI (as per operational definition) was interviewed through a questionnaire with special emphasis on age, presence/absence of diabetes, Troponin levels, and Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram findings consistent with the inclusion criteria. All the patients included were given Streptokinase at a dose of 1.5 million units diluted in 100 ml normal saline over 1 hour through infusion chamber. Fasting Blood glucose level were monitored every morning during admission and Post Streptokinase ECG was recorded after 30 minutes of the Streptokinase infusion. The purpose and benefits of study was explained to the patients and informed consent was obtained. With the help of above mentioned information relative risk of rate of successful thrombolysis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients was determined. Results: Our study shows that among 340 patients mean age and standard deviation was 61± 8.19. 224(65.9%) patients were male and 116(34.1%) patients were female. More over 242(71.2%) patients had successful. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of successful thrombolysis with streptokinase was 71% in patients presenting with ASTEMI within 12 hours of onset of chest pain.
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