This study aimed to evaluate the Haematological and Serum biochemical changes in cattle with natural trypanosomosis in North Central Nigeria. Cattle were drawn from cases reported to the State Veterinary Hospital Minna and Area Veterinary Clinics in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) with health problems suggestive of trypanosomosis. A total of 343 cattle were sampled of which 45 (13%) were infected with species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma (T) vivax (5.5%), T. congolense (5.5%), and T. brucei (2.0%) were detected in the infected animals. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the infected and the uninfected were measured and compared. The mean PCV (23.27±6.82%), platelet (93.23±42.02 x103μl), and total leukocyte counts (4.40 ±1.64x103μl) of infected cattle were significantly lower than those of the uninfected (32.47±8.35%, 209.67±55.75 x103μl, and 8.14±3.34 x103μl). Lymphocyte counts (64.64±12.19%) were significantly higher in the infected cattle compared to the uninfected (58.19±15.29%). The mean neutrophil count (32.62±12.25%) of the infected cattle was significantly lower than the uninfected (39.46±15.05%). The biochemical parameters also differed significantly (P<0.05) between the infected and the uninfected. The mean ALT (34.62±20.57IU/L), ALP (105.48±37.97IU/L), CK (265.71±21.25IU/L) of the infected cattle were significantly higher than the uninfected (16.60±3.73 IU/L, 65.60±18.90 IU/L, and 254.12±11.32IU/L) respectively. The mean total proteins (51.50±18.28mg/dL) and glucose (31.94±13.68mg/dL) of the infected were significantly lower than the uninfected (77.20±14.46 mg/dL, 46.80±13.59 mg/dL) respectively. Albumin (24.84±8.31 mg/dl) and globulins (29.34±15.31 mg/dl) of the infected cattle were significantly lower than the uninfected (27.60±6.73 mg/dL and 49.80±15.05 mg/dL) respectively. Similarly, the mean sodium (111.82±28.84 mg/dL), chloride (91.76±25.59 mg/dL) and bicarbonates (17.46±6.76 mg/dL) levels of the infected cattle were significantly lower than the uninfected (127.8034.95 mg/dL, 98.6019.48 mg/dL, and 20.6012.58 mg/dL) respectively. The levels of calcium (2.98±0.84mg/dL), iron (1.55±0.60 mg/dL), copper (0.49±0.36 mg/dL) and zinc (2.08±1.42mg/dL) were significantly lower in infected cattle compare to uninfected animals (4.16±0.54 mg/dL, 4.45±2.07mg/dL, 0.81±0.08 mg/dL, and 7.88±2.52 mg/dL) respectively. The findings of this study will assist clinicians in the diagnosis and provide rationale clinical decisions for better and effective disease control.
Stress may be caused by psychological, physiological, environmental and physical factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the ameliorative and anti-oxidative effects of levamisole on stress, and the comparative efficacy of levamisole and Ivermectin in the control of Strongyle infection in donkeys. Adult male donkeys (n = 35) aged between 4–5 years; 25 naturally infested with Strongyle spp and 10 apparently healthy (free of helminth infestation) were selected for this study, divided broadly into 2 groups: Anthelmintic efficacy study group comprising 20 (10 donkeys for Ivermectin efficacy studies and the other 10 for Levamisole efficacy study on clearing strongyles from the gastro-intestinal tract of donkeys). The oxidative stress amelioration groups were A, B, C of five donkeys each: Groups A and B donkeys were the apparently healthy group; while Group C donkeys were naturally infected with Strongyle spp. All the donkeys in the oxidative stress amelioration group participated in packing of 40 kg for 10 km. Groups B and C were treated with levamisole at 7.5 mg/kg, while Group A received no treatment prior to packing. Blood was collected from all donkeys in the oxidative stress amelioration group for haemogram and oxidative stress biomarker analyses. No significant effect (P > 0.05) was observed between groups: A, B and C for: respiratory rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature; haemogram, and malondialdehyde concentration, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Erythrocyte membranes were osmotically stable at 0.5% NaCl in the treated group in comparison to the controls. Packing of donkeys for 10 km did not induce significant changes in vital parameters, haemogram and biomarkers of oxidative stress, but levamisole improved erythrocyte membrane stability. It was concluded that packing for 10 km did not induce any significant changes in blood cellular components and biomarker of oxidative stress, but levamisole improved erythrocyte membrane stability. Ivermectin was administered at a dose rate of 0.2 mg /kg per os and Levamisole at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg per os for the helminth efficacy study. Levamisole efficacy treatment group had a reduction test of 86.8% while Ivermectin efficacy study group had 76%. This may indicate occurrence of resistance to both drugs in the donkeys. Further research is needed in order to obtain the efficacy of this drugs in a larger population There is a need to develop better and improved management practices to combat and ameliorate the challenge that helminthosis in donkeys posses to the health and working performance of donkeys.
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