In conquest to attain the goal of zero hunger as well as tackling the problem of malnutrition worldwide, fish proves to be one of the best functional food to humans. Along with the sense of good taste to humans, it ensures great nutritional value at an affordable price. Fish food plays an active role in providing nutrients to the body that are directly involved in metabolic activities. It is enriched with high quality protein containing all the essential amino acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Also, it provides wide variety of micronutrients involving vitamins (fat soluble vitamins and several members of vitamin B complex) and minerals. Also, these have significant protective effects against the occurrences of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, retinopathy, diabetes, arthritis and some other acute or chronic diseases. The bioactive peptides from fish food are reported for their positive effect on humans. Therefore, fish is an optimal choice of food to humans as it helps in their growth, development and maintenance of good health. However, care should be taken during processing of fish or fish products as the inappropriate handling can deteriorate the nutritional quality of the food.
Molecular mimics are an excellent example of nature’s survival tool adopted by different pathogens. Plant-parasitic nematodes especially the sedentary endoparasites like Cyst nematodes and Root-knot nematodes are one such dangerous pathogens which were mastered in mimicking their host proteins crucial for cell growth and development. At the time of infection, a nematode fight against the host immune response with simultaneously establishing its feeding site. Thus, this parallel reprograming of plants cell growth and development at the feeding site is what make these pathogens the most dangerous and at the same time intrigued pathogen to study. Plethora of studies have demonstrated that different effector proteins like CLE peptide, AUX1, PHAN, WRKY, RALFs, LBD16, SPRYSEC etc. secreted by nematode mimicking genes playing role in lateral root development; growth hormone regulators; shoot meristem; procambium development; and in immune responses. This review is a brief focusing on genes that are mimics in nematode and can be utilized for biotechnological strategies of plant disease control.
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