Latent Fingerprint Images have been extensively used by law enforcement agencies in investigating the crime spot and use the necessary information obtained as evidence to validate the criminal in Court. Although an important breakthrough in this direction has already been made in plain biometrics recognition, still identifying biometric such as Face in CCTV footage and Latent Fingerprint in uncontrolled, uncooperative, and hostile environment is an open research problem. Poor quality, lack of clarity, absence of proper mechanism make the latent fingerprint preprocessing problem one of the persistent and challenging problem to extract the reliable features. Dictionary based learning technique has given significant result, in contrast to conventional orientation field estimation methods by reconstructing orientation field to enhance the latent fingerprint image. Distorted orientation field is corrected using orientation patches of good quality fingerprint from region wise dictionary. This paper proposes a fresh idea to construct the dictionary by region wise to correct the orientation field in latent image. To verify the accuracy of enhanced image, a statistical observation has been done and got the promising results. This study concentrates on latent fingerprint preprocessing module towards reliable and efficient (optimal) Latent Fingerprint Identification.
Phytoplasma, plant pathogenic Mollicutes that have a trans-kingdom life cycle, are insect transmittedand have been found to be associated with yield affecting traits in a large number of taxa. Many peculiar symptoms observed in the host taxa are often results of dramatic alterations in the normal development program that are generally controlled at the meristematic regions located in the shoot apices. Phytoplasma being vasculature limited are thus able to bring about genetic reprogramming in the regions of host plant that are far removed from their natural niche namely sieve elements of the phloem. Several proteins secreted by phytoplasma in the host plants have been identified and termed as effector molecules namely SAP54, SAP11, TENGU, SAP21 etc. that enable the colonisation, survival, spread of phytoplasma and also bring about dramatic alterations in the host plant. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these peculiar phenomena are far from understood and remain a challenging area for the phytoplasma biologists. A thorough understanding of the processes involved is needed to provide platforms for developing control measures for phytoplasma associated diseases that will also enhance basic understanding on the plant developmental programs affected.
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