This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the influence of sleep habits, sleep problems, and lifestyle on sleep bruxism in Japanese elementary school children. In study 1, to confirm the reliability of replies provided by parents on children's sleep bruxism, we compared the scale of sleep bruxism frequency from questionnaires with actual sleep bruxism tooth wear in 49 elementary school children (22 males and 27 females). In study 2, a total of 1956 children (973 males, 983 females; mean age, 8.8 Ϯ 1.8 years) and parents living in metropolitan Tokyo participated. Parents answered questionnaires on sleep habits, sleep problems, and lifestyle. Participants were classified as severe bruxism group (s-Bx) and non-severe bruxism group (ns-Bx) according to the frequency of sleep bruxism. The six grades were summarized into three categories: 1st/2nd grades (grades 1/2), 3rd/4th grades (grades 3/4), and 5th/6th grades (grades 5/6). The results suggest that the incidence of sleep bruxism in Japanese children living in Tokyo is strongly related to the disturbance of sleep habits and psychological stress, which can be caused by an owl-type lifestyle in children and parents.
This contribution aims to integrate findings of our recently reported three brain imaging studies on young narcolepsy-cataplexy patients [1][2][3]. All brain images were acquired using 3.0 Tesla MRI. In our prior study of a voxel-based morphometry [1], narcoleptic patients showed gray matter (GM) deficits in the hypothalamus and fronto-limbic areas. Hypothalamic GM deficits correlated with severity of narcolepsy. In our diffusion tensor imaging study that assessed global white matter (WM) integrity [2], narcoleptic patients had decreased WM integrity especially in fronto-limbic areas, which were associated with sleepiness and attention deficit. Prefrontal metabolite concentration was measured in a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy [3]. Narcoleptic patients had higher GABA levels in the medial prefrontal areas. This is potentially related to the compensation of nocturnal sleep disturbance. Hypothalamus seems to be a key structure in narcoleptic symptoms. However, both GM and WM abnormalities of fronto-limbic areas were also related to narcolepsy and its symptoms. Compensatory alteration of GABA was also found in the areas. Taken together, our reports suggest that fronto-limbic area, as well as hypothalamus, may be implicated in narcolepsy. References[1] Gray matter deficits in young adults with narcolepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2009;119:61-7. [2] Decreased fractional anisotropy values in brains of young narcoleptic patients. 2009; presented in APSS. [3] Increased GABA levels in medial prefrontal cortex of young adults with narcolepsy.Two types of monoamine oxidase (MAO), type A (MAO-A) and type B (MAO-B), have been identified. Generally, MAO-A is highly expressed in noradrenergic/adrenergic neurons such as the locus coeruleus, whereas MAO-B is highly expressed in serotonergic and histaminergic neurons and distinct populations of glia such as tanicytes. On the other hand, it has been reported that non-catecholaminergic neurons also express MAOs in an adult rat brain. Extracellular serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine / epinephrine (NE/E), and dopamine (DA) appear to be removed by a reuptake mechanism; subsequently, they are metabolized by intracellular MAO activity. In the hypothalamus, 5-HT and DBHpositive varicosities densely distribute around hypothalamic nucleus, likely MAO activity affecting the neuronal functions. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of MAOs and the anatomical relation to the neuropeptide-expressing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. We performed enzyme histochemistry for MAO-A or MAO-B, and use specific antibodies for MAO-A and MAO-B. In the result, we found moderate MAO-A enzyme activities in the distinct neuronal populations, and strong MAO-B activity in some glial cells including tanicytes. MAO-A-immunoreactivities (IR) were found in the varicosities of noradrenergic/adrenergic neurons and in the cell bodies of some neuropeptides-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Especially, orexin neurons robustly express MAO-A, but not MAO-B. Objective:We have elucidated the p...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.