Carbon membranes comprising micropores were successfully synthesized for the first time on ceramic supports using a hydrothermal method, and their liquid and gas separation abilities were evaluated. The activation temperature was observed to affect both the microstructure and chemical composition of the membranes. The membrane activated at the optimum activation temperature of 1173 K exhibited good ethanol/water separation ability, with a separation factor of approximately 8.1 for a 5 mol % ethanol aqueous solution. Finally, the excellent water resistance of this optimal membrane was confirmed.
Presently, different types of employment are increasing, especially the number of female pert-timer workers has increased dramatically. This study attempted to explore which factors will contribute to satisfaction and motivation to work for female part-times.A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1994, and the 620 usable data (response rate 31%) were available for the present study.Results of the analyses revealed the followings; (1) Both work satisfaction and motivation are influenced positively by the wage and the goal of career (keeping up the present condition), and negatively by the purpose of work (money), (2) Job satisfaction is influenced positively by the size of the establishment (large) and occupation (office work), and negatively by the demand for ability up to the regular worker's level, and the need for the fair treatment, (3) The motivation to work is influenced positively by the status (full-timer), the ability of management and judgment (demanded up to the level of regular workers), and the need for the fair treatment, and (4) Job satisfaction is influenced positively and very strongly by motivation.
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